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A Global Perspective on the Enforcement of Consumer Law

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Book cover Internationalization of Consumer Law

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Political Science ((BRIEFSPOLITICAL))

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Abstract

The design of an adequate legal mechanism that effectively secures access to justice for consumers and efficient enforcement of consumer law is the most crucial element in any regulatory regime of consumer protection

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See: M. Djurovic, ‘The Apple Case: The Commencement of Pan-European Battle against Unfair Commercial Practices’ (2013) 9 European Review of Contract Law 253.

  2. 2.

    see H.W. Micklitz, ‘The Law of the Western Balkan Countries in the Mirror of Consumer Law’ in M. Karanikic, H.W. Micklitz and N. Reich, Modernising Consumer Law—the Experience of the Western Balkans (2012).

  3. 3.

    I Ramsay, Consumer Law, Regulatory Capitalism and the “New Learning” in Regulation, 28 Sydney Law Review 2006 9, p. 15.

  4. 4.

    I. Benohr and H.W. Micklitz, Consumer Protection and Human Rights in G Howells, I Ramsay and T Wilhelmsson, Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Edward Elgar 2010), 18cf.

  5. 5.

    J Kennedy, ‘Special Message to the Congress on Protecting the Consumer Interest’, 15 March 1962, available online at http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-037-028.aspx.

  6. 6.

    OJ C 92, 25.4.1975, 2–16.

  7. 7.

    UN Guidelines, p. 3(e).

  8. 8.

    UN Guidelines, p. 27.

  9. 9.

    UN Guidelines, p. 17.

  10. 10.

    Comment P-7B ALI/UNIDROIT Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure.

  11. 11.

    Article 26 ICCPR.

  12. 12.

    P. Spiller and K Tokeley, “Individual consumer redress” in G Howells, I Ramsay and T Wilhelmsson with D Kraft, Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Cheltenham 2010), 486–487.

  13. 13.

    Articles 6 and 13 ECHR.

  14. 14.

    Articles 38 and 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; see I Benohr, EU Consumer Law and Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2013).

  15. 15.

    Joined Cases C-317/08 to C-320/08 Rosalba Alassini e.a. v. Telecom It Spa e.a. [2010] ECR I-02213, para 61.

  16. 16.

    N. Reich, Transnational Consumer Law—Reality or Fiction?, 27 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 859 2009 Vol. 27:3, 4.

  17. 17.

    Consumer International, In search of good practices in financial consumer protection, February 2013, available at: http://www.consumersinternational.org/media/1135359/in%20search%20of%20good%20practices%20in%20financial%20consumer%20protection.pdf.

  18. 18.

    G. Howells and H.W. Micklitz, Guidelines for Consumer Organisations on Enforcement and Collective Redress and Collective Redress, CLEF 2009, 17.

  19. 19.

    G.P. Calliess, Transnational Consumer Law: Co-Regulation of B2C-E-Commerce, CLPE Research Paper 3/2007 Vol. 03 No. 03 (2007).

  20. 20.

    UN Guidelines, p. 32.

  21. 21.

    UN Guidelines, p. 33.

  22. 22.

    UN Guidelines, p. 34.

  23. 23.

    OECD Guidelines E-commerce, 1999, Part One.

  24. 24.

    OECD Guidelines, 1999, Part Two, Sect. VI, B.

  25. 25.

    G.P. Callies, Online Dispute Resolution: Consumer Redress in a Global Market Place, 7 German L.J. 647 2006, 654–655.

  26. 26.

    OECD Guidelines for Protecting Consumers from Fraudulent and Deceptive Commercial Practices Across Borders.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., Chap. III.

  28. 28.

    The OECD Workshop on Consumer Dispute Resolution and Redress in the Global Marketplace held in Washington D.C. on 19–20 April 2005. Report published in 2006.

  29. 29.

    Anthony I. Ogus, Michael G. Faure, & Niels J. Philipsen, Best Practices for Consumer Policy: Report on the Effectiveness of Enforcement Regimes, DSTI/CP(2006)2 1/FINAL, Paris, OECD, December, 20 2006. available at www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/7/37863861.doc [hereinafter “OECD Report”].

  30. 30.

    Ibid.

  31. 31.

    OECD Recommendation, 2007, Annex, Sect. IV, 1.

  32. 32.

    OECD ‘G-20 High-level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection.

  33. 33.

    http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/financial-markets/48892010.pdf.

  34. 34.

    World Bank’s Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, p. 89.

  35. 35.

    World Bank’s Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, p. 52.

  36. 36.

    World Bank’s Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, p. 27 and p. 65.

  37. 37.

    M Faure, A Ogus and N Philipsen, Enforcement Practices for Breaches of Consumer Protection Legislation, 20 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 361 (2008), 400.

  38. 38.

    See: N. Reich, H.W. Micklitz, P. Rott and K. Tonner, European Consumer Law (2nd edn, Intersentia 2014).

  39. 39.

    Richmard M. Alderman, The Future of Consumer Law in the United States-Hello Arbitration, Bye-bye Courts, So-long Consumer Protection, U of Houston LawCenter No. 2008-A-09 (2007), available at SSRN: http://ssm.com/abstract=1015517.

  40. 40.

    Agreement reached between Consumers International and the Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce, Alternative Dispute Resolution Guidelines, Global Business Dialogue on Electronic Commerce, p. 54–55 (GBDe) (November, 2003).

  41. 41.

    H.W. Micklitz, The internal vs. the external dimension of European private law—a conceptual design and a research agenda, in M. Cremona and H.W.Micklitz (eds.) “The External Dimension of European Private Law”, Oxford 2015.

  42. 42.

    G.P. Callies, Online Dispute Resolution: Consumer Redress in a Global Market Place, 7 German L.J. 647 2006.

  43. 43.

    For an overview of different approaches, see: AJ Belohlavek, B2C Arbitration: Consumer Protection in Arbitration, 2012.

  44. 44.

    European Commission, MEMO/13/193, 12 March 2013, p. 3.

  45. 45.

    M Faure, A Ogus and N Philipsen, Enforcement Practices for Breaches of Consumer Protection Legislation, 20Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 361 (2008), 400.

  46. 46.

    A.J. Schmitz, “Drive-Thru” Arbitration in the Digital Age: Empowering Consumers through Binding ODR” 62 Baylor Law Review 78 (2010).

  47. 47.

    N. Reich, Transnational Consumer Law—Reality or Fiction?, 27 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 859 2009 Vol. 27:3, 4.

  48. 48.

    http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/publications/online_resources_ODR.html.

  49. 49.

    OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce.

  50. 50.

    International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), “Resolving disputes online—Best practices for ODR in B2C and C2C transactions” (2003).

  51. 51.

    C. Hodges, I Benohr and N. Creutzfeldt-Banda, Consumer ADR in Europe (Hart Publishing 2012).

  52. 52.

    Article 1 of Directive 2013/11/EU on ADR.

  53. 53.

    Article 16 of Directive 2013/11/EU on ADR.

  54. 54.

    See: Recommendation 98/257/EC of 30 March 1998 on the principles applicable to the bodies responsible for out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes and Recommendation 2001/310/EC of 4 April 2001 on the principles for out-of-court bodies involved in the consensual resolution of consumer disputes.

  55. 55.

    Article 5 of Regulation 524/2013 on ODR.

  56. 56.

    Article 22 of Regulation 524/2013 on ODR.

  57. 57.

    J. Hornle, Cross-Border Internet Dispute Resolution, p. 75 (2009).

  58. 58.

    G. Howells and H.W. Micklitz, Guidelines for Consumer Organisations on Enforcement and Collective Redress and Collective Redress, CLEF 2009, 26.

  59. 59.

    S.I. Strong, “From Class to Collective: The De-Americanization of Class Arbitration” (2010) 26 Arbitration International 493.

  60. 60.

    Joined cases 240/98 to 244/98 Océano Grupo Editorial SA et al. v Roció Murciano Quintero et al. [2000] ECR I-4941 (jurisdiction clauses); Case 40/08 Asturcom Telecomunicaciones SL v Cristina Rodríguez Nogueira [2009] ECR I-9579 (arbitration); Case 168/05 Elisa María Mostaza Claro v Centro Móvil Milenium SL [2006] ECR I-10421 (CJEU). For the comments on these cases, see: H.W. Micklitz and B. Kas, “Overview of cases before the CJEU on European Consumer Contract Law (2008–2013)—Part I” ERCL 2014; 10(1): 1–63.

  61. 61.

    Supreme Court of Canada, 13 July 2007, Dell Computer Corp. v. Union des consommateurs.

  62. 62.

    Comb v. PayPal Inc., 218 F. Supp. 2d 1165, 1176 (N.D. Cal. 2002).

  63. 63.

    S Weatherill, EU Consumer Law and Policy, 2nd ed 2013, p. 292.

  64. 64.

    M. B. Loos, ‘Individual Private Enforcement of Consumer Rights in Civil Courts in Europe’, University of Amsterdam—Centre for the Study of European Contract Law (CSECL) Working Paper 2010/01.

  65. 65.

    Regulation (EC) No 861/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 11 July 2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure, OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, 1.

  66. 66.

    D. R. Hensler, Using class actions to enforce consumer protection laws, in G Howells, I Ramsay and T Wilhelmsson with D Kraft, Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Cheltenham 2010), 517.

  67. 67.

    OECD, 2007 Recommendation on Dispute Resolution and Redress.

  68. 68.

    Ibid., 10.

  69. 69.

    D Corapi, Class actions and collective actions, in: D Fairgrieve and E Lein, Extraterritoriality and Collective redress, OUP Oxford 2012, 5.

  70. 70.

    See: G. Howells and H.W. Micklitz, Guidelines for Consumer Organisations on Enforcement and Collective Redress and Collective Redress, CLEF 2009.

  71. 71.

    F Cafaggi and HW Micklitz, ‘Administrative and Judicial Enforcement in Consumer Protection: The Way Forward’ in F Cafaggi and HW Micklitz (eds), New Frontiers of Consumer Protection—The Interplay Between Private and Public Enforcement (eds) (Antwerp 2009), 414–420.

  72. 72.

    G. Howells and H.W. Micklitz, Guidelines for Consumer Organisations on Enforcement and Collective Redress and Collective Redress, CLEF 2009, 24–25.

  73. 73.

    Opinion of Advocate General Trstenjak in Case C-472/10 Nemzeti Fogyasztóvédelmi Hatóság v Invitel Távközlési Zrt (2012) ECR I-0000, para 41.

  74. 74.

    see: R. Wasserman, Transnational Class Actions and Interjurisdictional Preclusion, Legal Studies Research Paper Series Pitt Law Working Paper No. 2010-04 February 2010.

  75. 75.

    A Pinna, “Recognition and Res Judicata of US Class Action Judgements in European Legal Systems” Erasmus Law Review 1 (2008) 31.

  76. 76.

    D Fairgrieve, The Impact of the Brussels I Enforcement and Recognition Rules on Collective Actions in: D Fairgrieve and E Lein, Extraterritoriality and Collective redress, OUP Oxford 2012.

  77. 77.

    Rule 23 of Federal civil procedure.

  78. 78.

    For an overview of development of class action, see: Deborah R. Hensler, The Globalization of Class Actions: An Overview, 622 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 7 (2009).

  79. 79.

    V Morabito, An empirical study of Australia’s Class Action regimes: First Report: Class Actions and Figs. 2 (2009), available at http://www.law.stanford.edu/library/globalclassaction/PDF/Australia_Empirical_Morabito_2009_Dec.pdf.

  80. 80.

    D.R. Hensler, The Future of Mass Litigation: Global Class Actions and Third-Party Litigation Funding, The George Washington Law Review, Vol 79:306 2011, p. 310.

  81. 81.

    C Hodges, ‘Collective Redress in Europe: The New Model’ (2010) Civil Justice Quarterly 370.

  82. 82.

    D Hensler, ‘Using class actions to enforce consumer protection law’ in G Howells, I Ramsay and T Wilhelmsson with D Kraft, Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law (Cheltenham 2010), 534.

  83. 83.

    see: C. Hodges, The Reform of Class and Representative Actions in European Legal Systems (Oxford 2008).

  84. 84.

    Commission Recommendation of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union Law.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., para 2.

  86. 86.

    See: C. Hodges, Collective Redress: A Breakthrough or a Damp Squib?, J Consum Policy (2014) 37:67–89.

  87. 87.

    G. Howells and H.W. Micklitz, Guidelines for Consumer Organisations on Enforcement and Collective Redress and Collective Redress, CLEF 2009, 29.

  88. 88.

    Ibid, point 3.

  89. 89.

    See: Memorandum on the Establishment and Operation of the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN).

  90. 90.

    Ibid, point 4.

  91. 91.

    The Directory is available at http://www.econsumer.gov/english/resolve/directory-of-adrs.shtm.

  92. 92.

    F Cafaggi and HW Micklitz, ‘Introduction’ in F Cafaggi and HW Micklitz (eds), New Frontiers of Consumer Protection—The Interplay Between Private and Public Enforcement (eds) (Antwerp 2009), 20.

  93. 93.

    See: European Commission, Report on the Regulation on consumer protection cooperation, COM(2014) 439 final., available at: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/enforcement/cross-border_enforcement_cooperation/docs/140701_commission_report_cpc_reg_en.pdf.

  94. 94.

    G. Betlem, Public and Private Transnational Enforcement of EU Consumer Law, [2007] European Business Law Review 683.

  95. 95.

    See: C. Poncibo, “Networks to Enforce European Law: The Case of the Consumer Protection Cooperation Network” (2012) 35 Journal of Consumer Policy 175.

  96. 96.

    See, e.g. 210(1)(b) of the Trade Agreement between the European Union and Colombia and Peru OJ 2012 L354/3; for further info, see: J. Stuyck and M. Durovic, “External dimension of EU Consumer Law” in M. Cremona/H. Micklitz (eds.) External dimension of EU Private Law (Oxford 2016), 227.

  97. 97.

    https://www.ftc.gov/policy/international/international-consumer-protection.

  98. 98.

    R.A. Nagareda. Aggregate Litigation across the Atlantic and the Future of American Exceptionalism, 62 Vanderbilt Law Review 2009.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Mateja Durovic

  2. Department of Law, European University Institute, Florence, Italy

    Hans W. Micklitz

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Durovic, M., Micklitz, H.W. (2017). A Global Perspective on the Enforcement of Consumer Law. In: Internationalization of Consumer Law. SpringerBriefs in Political Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45312-5_5

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