Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endosulfan a Cyclodiene Organochlorine Pesticide: Possible Pathways of Its Biodegradation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microbe-Induced Degradation of Pesticides

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ENVSCIENCE))

Abstract

With rapidly increasing world population and shrinking of cultivable areas, enhancing the food production in order to meet the growing demand has become a major challenge with the modern agriculture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amaraneni, S. R., & Pillale, R. R. (2001). Concentrations of pesticide residues in tissues of fish from Kolleru lake in India. Environmental Toxicology, 16, 550–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1997). Existing chemical review programme—NRA review of endosulfan—Draft National Registration Authority for Agriculture and Vetenary Chemicals.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2002). Regional based assessment of persistent toxic substances—Arctic regional report-chemicals-united Nations Environmental Programme-Global Environment Facility.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbeli, Z., & Fuentes, C. L. (2007). Accelerated biodegradation of pesticides: An overview of the phenomenon, its basis and possible solutions; and a discussion on the tropical dimension. Crop Protection, 26, 1733–1746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad, M., Hussain, S., & Saleem, M. (2007). Optimization of environmental parameters for biodegradation of alpha and beta endosulfan in soil slurry by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104, 364–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR. (2000). Toxicological profile for endosulfan. Agency of toxic substances and disease registry. Atlanta, USA. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp41.html

  • Awasthi, N., Manickam, N., & Kumar, A. (1997). Biodegradation of endosulfan by a bacterial coculture. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 59, 928–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barcelo-Quintal, M. H., Cebada-Ricalde, M. C. C. R., Angel, R. T. I., Reyna, B. R. O., & Jose, A. M. C. (2008). Kinetic studies of endosulfan photochemical degradations by ultraviolet light irradiation in aqueous medium. Journal Environment Science Health, 43, 120–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, S., Gosh, R. K., Mandal, T. K., Chakraborty, A. K., & Basak, D. K. (1993). Some histological changes in chronic endosulfan (Thionol) toxicity in poultry. Indian Journal Animal Health, 32, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broomhall, S. (2002). The effects of endosulfan and variable water temperature on survivorship and subsequent vulnerability to predation in Litoria citropa tadpoles. Aquatic Toxicol, 61, 243–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broomhall, S., & Shine, R. (2003). Effects of the insecticide endosulfan and presence of congeneric tadpoles on Australian tree frog (Litoria freycineti) tadpoles. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45(2), 221–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campoy, C., Jimenez, M., Olea Serrano, M. F., Olea, N., Moreno, F. M., Canabate, F., et al. (2001). Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human milk: preliminary results. Early Human Develop, S65, 183–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhari, D. K., Nazir, A., & Saxena, D. K. (2001). Effect of Three Chlorinated Pesticides on hsr ω stress gene in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Journal Biochemical Mole Toxicology, 15, 173–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S. P., Burau, K., Smith, M. A., Symanski, E., Sweeny, A., Robison, T., et al. (2001). Prenatal exposure to pesticides-a feasibility study among migrant and seasonal workers. American Journal Industrial Medicine, 40, 578–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalvie, M. A., Cairncross, E., Solomon, A., & London, L. (2003). Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. Environment Health, 2(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, H., Doyen, J. T., & Purcell, A. H, I. I. I. (1998). Introduction to insect biology and diversity (2nd ed., pp. 279–300). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, C. S., Agarwal, S., & Agarwal, S. S. (1986). Human red blood cell membrane damage by Endosulfan. Gene Appl Entomol Toxicol Lett, 32, 113–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeLorenzo, M. E., Taylor, L. A., Lund, S. A., Pennington, P. L., Strozier, E. D., & Fulton, M. H. (2002). Toxicity and bioconcentration potential of the agricultural pesticide endosulfan in phytoplankton and zooplankton. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 42, 173–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorough, H. W., Huhtanen, K., Marshall, T. C., & Bryant, H. E. (1978). Fate of endosulfan in rats and toxicological considerations of apolar metabolites. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 8, 241–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, H. M., & Arends, D. A. (2003). Effects of endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile bluegill sunfish. Environmental Research, 91(3), 157–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Bakouri, H., Ouassini, A., Morillo Aguado, J., & Usero García, J. (2007). Endosulfan sulfate mobility in soil columns and of groundwater in Northwest Morocco. Water Environment Research, 79(13), 2578–2584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, U. K., Pal, A. K., Jha, G. J., & Jadhao, S. B. (2004). Haemato-biochemical and immuno-pathophysiological effects of chronic toxicity with synthetic pyrethroid, organophosphate and chlorinated pesticides in broiler chicks. International Immunopharmacology, 4(13), 1709–1722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GFEA-U. (2007). Endosulfan, draft dossier prepared in support of a proposal of endosulfan to be considered as a candidate for inclusion in the CLRTAP protocol on persistent organic pollutants. German Federal Environment Agency—Umweltbundesamt, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Goebel, H., Gorbanch, S., & Khauf, W. (1982). Properties, effects, residues, and analytics of the insecicide endosulfan. Residue Rev, 83, 1–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goncalves, C. M., Silva, J. C., & Alpendurada, M. F. (2007). Evaluation of the pesticide contamination of groundwater sampled over two years from a vulnerable zone in Portugal. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 55(15), 6227–6235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerin, T. F. (1999). The anaerobic degradation of endosulfan by indigenous microorganisms from low-oxygen soils and sediments. Environmental Pollution, 106, 13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerin, T. F. (2001). Abiological loss of endosulfan and related chlorinated organic compounds from aqueous systems in the presence and absence of oxygen. Environmental Pollution, 115, 219–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerin, T. F., & Kennedy, I. R. (1992). Distribution and dissipation of endosulfan and related cyclodienes in sterile aqueous systems: Implications for studies on biodegradation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 40, 2315–2323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, E. (2004). A textbook of modern toxicology. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, S. S. (1991). Dicofol: Toxicological evaluation of dicofol prepared for the WHO expert group on pesticide residues (Report no. 91 R-1017). 6:6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, S., Arshad, M., Saleem, M., & Khalid, A. (2007). Biodegradation of α- and β-endosulfan by soil bacteria. Biodegradation, 18, 731–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCS. (1984). Environmental health criteria 40. endosulfan. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organisation, Geneva. Online at http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc40.htm

  • Jayashree, R., & Vasudevan, N. (2007). Persistence and distribution of endosulfan under field conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 131(1–3), 475–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, L., Tran, D. Q., Ide, C. F., McLachlan, J. A., & Arnold, S. F. (1997). Several synthetic chemicals inhibit progesterone receptor-mediated trans-activation in yeast. Biochemical Biophysics Research Communications, 233, 139–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JMPR. (2008). http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/jmpr-reports/en/

  • Joshi, S. (2001). Children of Endosulfan. Down to earth, 19: 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalendar, S., Kalendar, Y., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Durak, D., & Acikgoz, F. (2004). Endosulfan-induced cardio-toxicity and free radical metabolism in rats- the protective effect of Vitamin E. Toxicology, 202, 227–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, B. C., Ikonomou, M. G., Blair, J. D., Morin, A. E., & Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2007). Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. Science, 317, 236–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klema, V., & LaBelle, E. (2007). Endosulfan pathway map. Online at http://umbbd.msi.umn.edu/end/end_map.html

  • Kumar, M., & Philip, L. (2006). Endosulfan mineralization by bacterial isolates and possible degradation pathway identification. Bioremediation Journal, 10(4), 179–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, B., Madan, V. K., & Kathpal, T. S. (2008). Status of insecticide contamination of soil and water in Haryana, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1–3), 239–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurkure, N. V., Bhandarkar, A. G., Joshi, M. V., Sadekar, R. D., & Bhagwat, S. S. (1993). Immunosuppressive and histotoxic effects of endosulfan in chicks. Indian Journal Animal Science, 63, 1258–1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landers, D. H., Simonich, S. L., Jaffe, D. A., Geiser, L. H., Campbell, D. H., Schwindt, A. R., et al. (2008). The fate, transport, and ecological impacts of airborne contaminants in western national Parks (USA). EPA/600/R-07/138. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. F., & Macdonald, R. W. (2005). Sources and pathways of selected organochlorine pesticides to the Arctic and the effect of pathway divergence on HCH trends in biota: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 342, 87–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Zhang, G., Guo, L., Xu, W., Li, X., Lee, C. S. L., et al. (2007). Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of Guangzhou and Hong Kong: Regional sources and long-range atmospheric transport. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 3889–3903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Yun, D., Beibei, X., Li, Y., Xiang, P., Jingshun, Z., et al. (2008). Biodegradation and detoxification of endosulfan in aqueous medium and soil by Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain CS5. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 209–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Y., Morimoto, K., Takeshita, T., Takeuchi, T., & Saito, T. (2000). Genotoxic effects of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan on human HepG2 cells. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(6), 559–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, R. (1976). Degradation of [8, 9-14C] endosulfan by soil microorganisms. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 6, 853–858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, V. J. L., Moreno, F. M., Garrido, F. A., & Olea Serrano Olea, N. (2000). Determination of endocrine-disrupting pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum by GC-ECD and GC-MS-MS and evaluation of contribution to the uncertainity of results. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 372, 766–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, D. B. (1998). Endosulfan—The joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues (JMPR). France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menone, M. L., Aizpun de Moreno, J. E., Moreno, V. J., Lanfranchi, A. L., Metcalfe, T. L., & Metcalfe, C. D. (2000). PCBs and organochlorines in tissues of silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis) from a coastal lagoon in Argentina. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38, 202–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi, S. M., & Vaishnavi, C. (1993). Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 105C, 347–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuparth, T., Bickham, J. W., Theodorakis, C. W., Costa, F. O., & Costa, M. H. (2006). Endosulfan-induced genotoxicity detected in the Gilthead Seabream, Sparus aurata L., by means of flow cytometry and micronuclei assays. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 76(2), 242–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NIOH. (2003). Final report of the investigation of unusual illnesses allegedly produced by endosulfan exposure in Padre village of Kasargod District (N Kerala). Ahmedabad: National Institute of Occupational Health. Indian Council for Medical Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oerke, E. C., & Dehne, H. W. (2004). Safeguarding production-losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop Protection, 23, 275–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OleaSerrano, F., Olea, N., LardelliClaret, P., Rivas, A., & BarbaNavarro, A. (1999). Inadvertant exposure to xenoestrogens in children. Toxicology Industrial Health, 15, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pal, A. K., Prasad, R. L., Prasad, A., Singh, S. K., Kumar, A., & Jadhao, S. B. (2005). In ovo-embryotoxicity of a-endosulfan adversely influences liver and brain metabolism and the immune system in chickens. Pest Biochemical Physiology, 82, 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palma, P., Palma, V. L., Fernandes, R. M., Soares, A. M. V. M., & Barbosa, I. R. (2009). Endosulfan sulphate interferes with reproduction, embryonic development and sex differentiation in Daphnia magma. Ecotoxicology Environment Safety, 72, 344–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, N., Gundevia, F., Prem, A. S., & Ray, P. K. (1990). Studies on the genotoxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, in mammalian germ cells. Mutation Research, 242(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S., Nagpure, N. S., Kumar, R., Sharma, S., Srivastava, S. K., & Verma, M. S. (2006). Genotoxicity evaluation of acute doses of endosulfan to freshwater teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch) by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Ecotoxicology Environment Safety, 65(1), 56–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PAN-UPS. (1996). Endosulfan responsible for Alabama fish killed. Pesticide action network, North America updates service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, D., Hempleman, S. C., & Propper, C. R. (2001). Endosulfan exposure disrupts pheromonal systems in the red-spotted newt: a mechanism for subtle effects of environmental chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 669–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, D., & Propper, C. R. (2002). Endosulfan affects pheromonal Detection and glands in the male red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 69, 609–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, V., Balasubrahmaniam, E., Jayakumar, A. R., & Kazi, M. (1995). A sex related difference in the neuro behavioural and hepatic effects following chronic endosulfan treatment in rats. European Journal Pharmacology, 293, 355–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peshin, R. (2002). Economic benefits of pest management. In D. Pimental (Ed.), Encyclopedia of pest management (pp. 224). Marcel Dekker, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesticide Action Network. (2008). Thousands tell EPA: Phase out endosulfan. Online at http://www.panna.org/newsroom/20080218

  • Preziosi, P. (1998). Naturo and anthropogenic environmental estrogens—The scientific basis for risk assessment, endocrine-disruptors as environmental signalers—An introduction. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70, 1617–1631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qaim, M., & Zilberman, D. (2003). Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science, 299, 900–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quijano, R. F. (2000). Risk assessment in a third world reality: An endosulfan case history. International Journal Occupation Environmental Health, 6(4), 312–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quijano, R. F. (2002). Endosulfan poisoning in Kasargod, Kerala, India: Report on a fact-finding mission. Penang: Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran, N., & Venugopalan, K. V. (1991). Bioconcentration of endosulfan in different body tissues of estuarine organisms under sublethal exposure. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 46, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuber, M. D. (1981). The role of toxicity in the carcinogenicity of Endosulfan. Science of the Total Environment, 20, 23–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. (1972). The assimilation and chronic effects of sub-lethal concentrations of endosulfan on condition and spawning in the common mussel (Mytilus edulis). Marine Biology, 16, 118–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiyed, H., Dewan, A., Bhatnagar, V., Shenoy, U., Shenoy, R., Rajmohan, H., et al. (2003). Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. Children’s Health Article, 111, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sang, S., Petrovic, S. (1999). Endosulfan-a review of its toxicity and its effects on the endocrine system WWF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoettger, R. A. (1970). Toxicology of thiodan in several fish and aquatic invertebrates. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport, Fish and Wildlife, Investigations in Fish Control, 35, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Nagpure, N. S., Kumar, R., Pandey, S., Srivastava, S. K., Singh, P. J., et al. (2007). Studies on the genotoxicity of endosulfan in different tissues of fresh water fish Mystus vittatus using the comet assay. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 53, 617–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siddique, T., Okeke, B. C., Arshad, M., & Frankenberger, W. T, Jr. (2003). Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan-degrading microorganisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 47–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N., Narayan, R., Sankar, R., & Saxena, D. K. (1995). Endosulfan induced bio chemical changes in testis of rats. Veterinary Human Toxicol, 37, 547–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. G. (1991). Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 6, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobti, R. C. (1983). Cytokinetic and cytogenetic effect of agriculture chemicals on human lymphoid cells in vitro. II. Organochlorine pesticides. Archieves Toxicology, 52, 221–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto, A. M., Chung, K. L., & Sonnen, S. C. (1994). The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene and dieldrin have estrogenic effect on human estrogen—sensitive cells. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102, 380–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, T. D., Horne, I., Lacey, M. J., Harcourt, R. L., Russell, R. J., & Oakeshott, J. G. (2000). Enrichment of an endosulfan-degrading mixed bacterial culture. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 66, 2822–2828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, T. D., Robyn, R., & Selleck, M. (2002). Using enzymes to clean up pesticide residues. Pesticide Outlook, 149–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Thanal Conservation Action and Information Network. (2001). India preliminary findings of the survey on the impact of aerial spraying on the people and the ecosystem: Long term monitoring—The impact of pesticides on the people and ecosystem (LMIPPE).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ton, P., Tovignan, S., & Davo, S. (2000). Endosulfan deaths and poisonings in Benin. Pesticides News, 47, 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP/FAO. (2007). Inclusion of the chemical endosulfan in Annex III of the Rotterdam convention. United Nations Environment Programme and Food and Agriculture Organisation UNEP/FAO/RC/COP.4/9. http://www.pic.int/COPS/COP4/i9)/English/K0763331%20COP-4-9.pdf

  • US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1990). Toxicological profile for endosulfan. Draft Report, 6:52.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. (2002). Reregistration eligibility decision for endosulfan. EPA 738-R-02-013. Pollution, pesticides and toxic substances (7508C). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Online at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/endosulfan_red.pdf.

  • Van Woerden, H. F. (1963). Organic sulfites. Chemical Reviews, 63, 557–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatraman, L. (2004). Will banning endosulfan solve the problem? The Hindu business line. July 6. Online at http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070600790300.htm

  • Vig, K., Singh, D. K., Agarwal, H. C., Dhawan, A. K., & Dureja, P. (2008). Soil microorganisms in cotton fields sequentially treated with insecticides. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety, 69(2), 263–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, K. M., Sutherland, T. D., et al. (2006). A single monooxygenase, ese, is involved in the metabolism of the organochlorides endosulfan and endosulfate in an Arthrobacter sp. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 72, 3524–3530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Younglai, E. V., Foster, W. G., Hughes, E. G., & Trimk, J. J. F. (2002). Levels of environmental contaminants in human folicular fluid, serum and seminal uple undergoing invitro fertilization. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 121–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuquan, L. (2000). Genotoxic effects of alpha- endosulfan and beta-endosulfan on human HepG2 cells. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(6), 559–561.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Dileep K. Singh & N. Sarat Singh

Authors
  1. Dileep K. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. Sarat Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dileep K. Singh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shree Nath Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Singh, D.K., Sarat Singh, N. (2017). Endosulfan a Cyclodiene Organochlorine Pesticide: Possible Pathways of Its Biodegradation. In: Singh, S. (eds) Microbe-Induced Degradation of Pesticides. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45156-5_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation