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Oligodendrocytes: Development, Physiology and Glucose Metabolism

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The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 13))

Abstract

The glutamate–glutamine cycle is an outstanding example of how essential neuronal–glial interactions are for brain function. For several decades, this and other metabolic cycles in the brain have only included neurons and astrocytes but not oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent data revealed that oligodendrocytes are highly metabolically active cells in the brain and, therefore, should not be ignored. Using 13C-labelled glucose in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and/or mass spectrometry (MS) it is possible to characterize metabolic functions in primary oligodendrocyte cultures. Mature rat oligodendrocytes avidly metabolize glucose in the cytosol and pyruvate derived from glucose in mitochondria. Moreover, they seem to have the ability of performing anaplerosis from pyruvate, which might enable them to synthesize metabolites de novo and transfer them to neighbouring cells. All these original findings highlight the importance of investigating oligodendrocyte metabolism separately from that of astrocytes and neurons to be able to discern the roles played by the individual partners. This is of particular importance in the white matter where the number of oligodendrocytes is considerable. The present book chapter provides some background on oligodendrocyte biology and physiology and summarizes the not very extensive information published on glucose metabolism in oligodendrocytes.

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CNP:

20,30-cyclicnucleotide 30-phosphodiesterase

CNS:

Central nervous system

Fructose-6P:

Fructose-6-phosphate

GA3P:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

MAG:

Myelin antigen glycoprotein

MBP:

Myelin basic protein

MOG:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MRS:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

OLs:

Oligodendrocytes

OPCs:

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells

PC:

Pyruvate carboxylase

PDGFR-α:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha

PEPCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase

PK:

Pyruvate kinase

PLP:

Proteolipid protein

PPP:

Pentose phosphate pathway

T3:

Triiodothyronine/thyroid hormone 3

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

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Acknowledgements

The preparation of this book chapter was supported by funding from the UK Multiple Sclerosis Society.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Ana I. Amaral, Joana M. Tavares & Mark R. N. Kotter

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway

    Ursula Sonnewald

  3. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    Ursula Sonnewald

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  1. Ana I. Amaral
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  2. Joana M. Tavares
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  3. Ursula Sonnewald
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  4. Mark R. N. Kotter
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Correspondence to Ursula Sonnewald .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

    Ursula Sonnewald

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Amaral, A.I., Tavares, J.M., Sonnewald, U., Kotter, M.R.N. (2016). Oligodendrocytes: Development, Physiology and Glucose Metabolism. In: Schousboe, A., Sonnewald, U. (eds) The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_10

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