Skip to main content

Digging Deeper into Online Communities of Inquiry at Purdue: Research-Informed Insights into Theory and Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Educational Media and Technology Yearbook

Part of the book series: Educational Media and Technology Yearbook ((EMTY,volume 40))

  • 1587 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter presents the theoretical and practical implications of research conducted on online learning communities at Purdue University using the Community of Inquiry lens. Specifically, highlights of eight studies conducted from 2013 to 2015 are presented. The context of the majority of the studies is the online Learning, Design and Technology Master’s (MS) program. The research studies have provided theoretical and practical insights as well as directions for future research. Overall, this research points to the importance of empirically testing theoretical assumptions, which can provide unique insights into how to enhance both theory and practice in online education.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akyol, Z., Arbaugh, J. B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Garrison, D. R., Ice, P., Richardson, J. C., …, & Swan, K. (2009). A response to the review of the community of inquiry framework. Journal of Distance Education, 23(2), 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2008). The development of a community of inquiry over time in an online course: Understanding the progression and integration of social, cognitive and teaching presence. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 12(3–4), 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2011a). Assessing metacognition in an online community of inquiry. Internet and Higher Education, 14, 183–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2011b). Understanding cognitive presence in an online and blended community of inquiry: Assessing outcomes and processes for deep approaches to learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(2), 233–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2013). Changing course: Ten years of tracking online education in the United States. Babson Park, MA: Babson Park Research Group and Quahog Research Group. Retrieved from http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/changingcourse.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teaching presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbaugh, B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S., Ice, P., Garrison, D. R., Richardson, J. C., …, Swan, K. (2008). Developing a Community of Inquiry instrument: Testing a measure of the Community of Inquiry framework using a multi-institutional sample. The Internet and Higher Education, 11(3–4), 133–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archibald, D. (2010). Fostering the development of cognitive presence: Initial findings using the community of inquiry survey instrument. The Internet & Higher Education, 13(1–2), 73–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A., & Pearl, J. (2013). Eight myths about causality and structural equation models. In S. L. Morgan (Ed.), Handbook of causal analysis for social research (pp. 301–328). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boston, W., Diaz, S. R., Gibson, A. M., Ice, P., Richardson, J., & Swan, K. (2009). An exploration of the relationship between indicators of the community of inquiry framework and retention in online programs. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 13(3), 67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S. C. (2009). Social presence and online learning: A current view from a research perspective. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8(3), 241–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, N. (2010). The magical mystery four: How is working memory capacity limited, and why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 51–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, N. (2014). Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education. Educational Psychology Review, 26, 197–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, S. R., Swan, K., Ice, P., & Kupczynski, L. (2010). Student ratings of the importance of survey items, multiplicative factor analysis, and the validity of the community of inquiry survey. The Internet and Higher Education, 13, 22–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice (2nd ed.) [Kindle Fire version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com.

  • Garrison, D. R. (2013). Theoretical foundations and epistemological insights of the community of inquiry. In Z. Akyol & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), Educational communities of inquiry: Theoretical framework, research, and practice (pp. 1–11). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z. (2013a). The community of inquiry theoretical framework. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (pp. 104–119). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z. (2013b). Toward the development of a metacognition construct for communities of inquiry. The Internet and Higher Education, 17, 84–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2–3), 87–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2010). The first decade of the community of inquiry framework: A retrospective. The Internet and Higher Education, 13, 5–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., & Arbaugh, J. B. (2007). Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(3), 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. The Internet and Higher Education, 13, 31–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunawardena, C. N., & Zittle, F. J. (1997). Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer-mediated conferencing environment. The American Journal of Distance Education, 11(3), 8–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S., Uzuner-Smith, S., & Shea, P. (2015). Expanding learning presence to account for the direction of regulative intent: Self-, co- and shared regulation in online learning. Online Learning, 19(3), 15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hostetter, C., & Busch, M. (2006). Measuring up online: The relationship between social presence and student learning satisfaction. Journal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hostetter, C., & Busch, M. (2013). Community matters: Social presence and learning outcomes. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 13(1), 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ice, P., Gibson, A. M., Boston, W., & Becher, D. (2011). An exploration of differences between community of inquiry indicators in low and high disenrollment online courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 15(2), 44–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joksimović, S., Gašević, D., Kovanović, V., Riecke, B. E., & Hatala, M. (2015). Social presence in online discussions as a process predictor of academic performance. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 31, 638–654. doi:10.1111/jcal.12107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory: How many types of load does it really need? Educational Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ke, F. (2010). Examining online teaching, cognitive, and social presence for adult students. Computers & Education, 55, 808–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozan, K. (2015). How does cognitive load relate to teaching, social and cognitive presences? The AERA Online Paper Repository (pp. 1–19).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozan, K. (2016). A comparative structural equation modeling investigation of the relationships among teaching, cognitive, and social presence. Online Learning, 20(3), 210–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozan, K., & Richardson, J. C. (2014a). Interrelationships between and among social, teaching, and cognitive presence. The Internet and Higher Education, 21, 68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozan, K., & Richardson, J. C. (2014b). New exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis insights into the Community of Inquiry survey. The Internet and Higher Education, 23, 39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leppink, J., Paas, F., van Gog, T., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2014). Effects of pairs of problems and examples on task performance and different types of cognitive load. Learning and Instruction, 30, 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzolini, M., & Maddison, S. (2007). When to jump in: The role of the instructor in online discussion forums. Computers & Education, 49(2), 193–213. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2005.06.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picciano, A. G. (2002). Beyond student perceptions: Issues of interaction, presence, and performance in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 6(1), 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J.C., Besser, E., Koehler, A., Lim, J. & Strait, M. (2016). Instructors’ perceptions of instructor presence in online courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(4), 82–104. Available online at: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/2330/3800

  • Richardson, J. C., Koehler, A., Besser, E., Caskurlu, S., Lim, J., & Mueller, C. (2015). Conceptualizing and investigating instructor presence in online learning environments. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(3), 256–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. (2003). Examining social presence in online courses in relation to students’ perceived learning and satisfaction. Journal of Asynchronous Learning, 7(1), 68–88. Retrieved from: http://onlinelearningconsortium.org/read/journal-issues/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2009). Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework to foster “epistemic engagement” and “cognitive presence” in online education. Computers and Education, 52(3), 543–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2012). Learning presence as a moderator in the Community of Inquiry model. Computers and Education, 59(2), 316–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, P., Hayes, S., Uzner, S., Vickers, J., Wilde, J., Gozza-Cohen, M., & Jian, S. (2012). Learning presence: A new conceptual element within the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework. Internet and Higher Education, 15(2), 89–95. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.08.002.

  • Shea, P., Hayes, S., Vickers, J., Gozza-Cohen, M., Uzuner, S., Mehta, R., …, Rangan, P. (2010). A re-examination of the community of inquiry framework: Social network and content analysis. The Internet and Higher Education, 13, 10–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, K., Garrison, D. R., & Richardson, J. C. (2009). A constructivist approach to online learning: The community of inquiry framework. In C. R. Payne (Ed.), Information technology and constructivism in higher education: Progressive learning frameworks (pp. 43–57). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, K., Richardson, J. C., Ice, P., Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Arbaugh, J. B. (2008). Validating a measurement tool of presence in online communities of inquiry. E-mentor, 2(24), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, K., & Shih, L. F. (2005). On the nature and development of social presence in online course discussions. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9(3), 115–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (2010). Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 123–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szeto, E. (2015). Community of inquiry as an instructional approach: What effects of teaching, social and cognitive presences are there in blended synchronous learning and teaching? Computers & Education, 81, 191–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. (2005). Structural equation modeling: Strengths, limitations, and misconceptions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 31–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, C. H., & McIsaac, M. (2002). The relationship of social presence and interaction in online classes. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16(3), 131–150. doi:10.1207/S15389286AJDE1603_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Gog, T., & Paas, F. (2008). Instructional efficiency: Revisiting the original construct in educational research. Educational Psychologist, 43(1), 16–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, N., & Garrison, D. R. (2005). Creating cognitive presence in a blended faculty development community. The Internet and Higher Education, 8, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, S., Watson, B., Richardson, J. C., & Loizzo, J. (2016). Instructor’s use of social presence, teaching presence and attitudinal dissonance: A case study of an attitudinal change MOOC. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 17(3), 54–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise, A., Chang, J., Duffy, T., & Del Valle, R. (2004). The effects of teacher social presence on student satisfaction, engagement, and learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 31(3), 247–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T., & Richardson, J. C. (2015). Examining the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Community of Inquiry instrument using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The Internet and Higher Education, 25, 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.12.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer C. Richardson Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Richardson, J.C., Kozan, K. (2017). Digging Deeper into Online Communities of Inquiry at Purdue: Research-Informed Insights into Theory and Practice. In: Orey, M., Branch, R. (eds) Educational Media and Technology Yearbook. Educational Media and Technology Yearbook, vol 40. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45001-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45001-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45000-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45001-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics