Skip to main content

Understanding Help-Seeking Behavior of Students’ in a Flipped Classroom: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Educational Media and Technology Yearbook

Part of the book series: Educational Media and Technology Yearbook ((EMTY,volume 40))

Abstract

Help-seeking has long been recognized as an important self-regulated learning strategy that is associated with students’ academic goals and achievement. Although help-seeking is an important learning strategy that impacts achievement, not every student uses the strategy. The present research uses a structural equation modeling approach to examine college students’ self-reported help-seeking behavior in a flipped classroom. The findings indicate a significant influence of instructor support for help-seeking, relatedness with peers, and personal achievement goal orientations on students’ intentions to seek help and their preferences for the type of the help they prefer. Additionally, indirect effects mediated by the perceived costs and benefits of help-seeking were observed. The paper concludes with practical implications on promoting help-seeking in online environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aleven, V., Stahl, E., & Schworm, S. (2003). Help seeking and help design in interactive learning environments. Review of Educational Research, 73(3), 277–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students’ learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260–267. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arbreton, A. (1993). When getting help is helpful: Developmental, cognitive, and motivational influences on students’ academic help seeking. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbreton, A. (1998). Student goal orientation and help-seeking strategy use. In S. A. Karabenick (Ed.), Strategic help seeking: Implications for learning and teaching (pp. 95–116). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045–2068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. (1998). Determinants of help seeking: Relations between perceived reasons for classroom help-avoidance and help-seeking behaviors in an experimental context. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 630–643. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.90.4.630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R., & Neuman, O. (1995). Effects of task and ego achievement goals on help-seeking behaviors and attitudes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2), 261–271. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.87.2.261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R., & Shibaz, L. (2008). Achievement goals for teaching as predictors of students’ perceptions of instructional practices and students’ help seeking and cheating. Learning and Instruction, 18(5), 453–467. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.06.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheong, Y. F., Pajares, F., & Oberman, P. S. (2004). Motivation and academic help-seeking in high school computer science. Computer Science Education, 14(1), 3–19. doi:10.1076/csed.14.1.3.23501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3–4), 325–346. doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowson, M., & McInerney, D. M. (2004). The development and validation of the goal orientation and learning strategies survey (GOALS-S). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(2), 290–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 31–36. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.10.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. (2008). Here come the millennials. Business Week.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (1995). Understanding interactive behaviors: Looking at six mirrors of the classroom. In R. Hertz-Lazarowitz & N. Miller (Eds.), Interaction in cooperative groups: The theoretical anatomy of group learning (pp. 71–101). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, S. (2005). Help-seeking behaviour of student teachers. Educational Research, 47(3), 307–318. doi:10.1080/00131880500287716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, N. E., Moss, G. S., Bradley, C. L., Larson, L. R., Lovelace, M. D., & Prevost, L. B. (2012). The “Facebook” effect: College students’ perceptions of online discussions in the age of social networking. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning, 6(2), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A. (2001). Help seeking in large college classes: Who, why, and from whom. In The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A. (2003). Seeking help in large college classes: A person-centered approach. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28(1), 37–58. doi:10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00012-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Perceived achievement goal structure and college student help seeking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(3), 569–581. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A., & Knapp, J. R. (1988). Help seeking and the need for academic assistance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 406–408. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.80.3.406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A., & Knapp, J. R. (1991). Relationship of academic help seeking to the use of learning strategies and other instrumental achievement behavior in college students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(2), 221–230. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.83.2.221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A., & Newman, R. S. (2006). Help seeking in academic settings: Goals, groups, and contexts. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S. A., & Sharma, R. (1994). Perceived teacher support of student questioning in the college classroom: Its relation to student characteristics and role in the classroom questioning process. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 90–103. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.86.1.90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T., Davey, J., & Ryan, R. M. (1992). Motivation and employee–supervisor discrepancies in a psychiatric vocational-rehabilitation setting. Rehabilitation Psychology, 37(3), 175–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozanitis, A., Desbiens, J.-F., & Chouinard, R. (2007). Perception of teacher support and reaction towards questioning: Its relation to instrumental help-seeking and motivation to learn. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 19(3), 238–250. Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=null&S=R&D=ehh&EbscoContent=dGJyMNHX8kSep6440dvuOLCmr0meqLBSsK64SLCWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGuskmzqLBPuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. J. (2007). Academic help seeking: Theory and strategies for nursing faculty. The Journal of Nursing Education, 46(10), 468–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, G., & Skinner, E. A. (2007). Motivational dynamics of children’s academic help-seeking and concealment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 65–82. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, A. (1998). Relationship, esteem, and achievement perspectives on autonomous and dependent help seeking. In S. A. Karabenick (Ed.), Strategic help seeking: Implications for learning and teaching (pp. 61–93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson-Le Gall, S. (1985). Help-seeking behavior in learning. Review of Research in Education, 12(1985), 55–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson-Le Gall, S., & Gumerman, R. A. (1984). Children’s perceptions of helpers and helper motivation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson-Le Gall, S., Gumerman, R. A., & Scott-Jones, D. (1983). Instrumental help-seeking and everyday problem solving: A developmental perspective. In B. DePaulo, A. Nadler, & J. Fisher (Eds.), New directions in helping: Help seeking (Vol. 2, pp. 265-284). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson-Le Gall, S., & Resnick, L. (1998). Help seeking, achievement motivation and the social practice of intelligence in school. In S. A. Karabenick (Ed.), Strategic help seeking: Implications for learning and teaching (pp. 39–60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, R. S. (1990). Children’s help-seeking in the classroom: The role of motivational factors and attitudes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 71–80. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.82.1.71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, R. S. (1998). Students’ help seeking during problem solving: Influences of personal and contextual achievement goals. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 644–658. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.90.4.644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, R. S. (2000). Social influences on the development of children’s adaptive help seeking: The role of parents, teachers, and peers. Developmental Review, 20(3), 350–404. doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, R. S., & Schwager, M. T. (1993). Students’ perceptions of the teacher and classmates in relation to reported help seeking in math class. The Elementary School Journal, 94(1), 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., Gheen, M. H., & Midgley, C. (1998). Why do some students avoid asking for help? An examination of the interplay among students’ academic efficacy, teachers’ social-emotional role, and the classroom goal structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(3), 528–535. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.90.3.528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., Patrick, H., & Shim, S. S. (2005). Differential profiles of students identified by their teacher as having avoidant, appropriate, or dependent help-seeking tendencies in the classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 275–285. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., & Pintrich, P. R. (1997). “Should I ask for help?” The role of motivation and attitudes in adolescents’ help seeking in math class. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 329–341. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.89.2.329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., & Pintrich, P. R. (1998). Achievement and social motivational influences on help seeking in the classroom. In S. A. Karabenick (Ed.), Strategic help seeking: Implications for learning and teaching (pp. 117–139). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., & Shim, S. S. (2006). Social achievement goals: The nature and consequences of different orientations toward social competence. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(9), 1246–1263. doi:10.1177/0146167206289345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salaway, G., Borreson, J., & Nelson, M. R. (2008). The ECAR study of undergraduate students and information technology. Boulder, CO: Educause (Educause Center for Applied Research).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schworm, S., & Gruber, H. (2012). e-Learning in universities: Supporting help-seeking processes by instructional prompts. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(2), 272–281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01176.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, A., & Murakami, Y. (2001). Achievement goals, attitudes toward help seeking, and help-seeking behavior in the classroom. Learning and Individual Differences, 13(1), 23–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. Sussex: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., Woo, H. L., Quek, C. L., Yang, Y., & Liu, M. (2012). Using the Facebook group as a learning management system: An exploratory study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(3), 428–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolters, C. A., Yu, S. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (1996). The relation between goal orientation and students’ motivational beliefs and self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8(3), 211–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, B. P. (2010). A Roadmap for education technology. Amherst, MA: Global Resources for Online Education.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erkan Er .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Er, E., Orey, M. (2017). Understanding Help-Seeking Behavior of Students’ in a Flipped Classroom: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. In: Orey, M., Branch, R. (eds) Educational Media and Technology Yearbook. Educational Media and Technology Yearbook, vol 40. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45001-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45001-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45000-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45001-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics