Abstract
This chapter argues that a core explanatory variable in the spread of psychopharmaceuticals has been the ability of such products since the 1980s to serve key aims of the neoliberal political economy. Thus to understand the expansion of psychopharmaceutical consumption since the 1980s, we must go beyond the machinations of the pharmaceutical industry and psychiatric profession, to inspect the deeper neoliberal interests, aims and logics to which both profession and industry have been responsive and beholden. Psychopharmaceuticals, in other words, have enjoyed rapid ascent by being configured as consistent with key neoliberal aims of increasing ‘labour productivity’ and of furthering ‘commodification’ while themselves benefitting from ‘deregulation’. While reform of psychiatric and pharmaceutical practices certainly is long overdue, unless political will grows sufficiently to tackle systemic corruptions and excesses in the research, regulation and distribution of psychopharmaceuticals, little may transpire in the form of tangible change.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abraham, J. (2005). Regulating the drugs industry transparently: The UK government has not gone far enough in responding to a critical inquiry. British Medical Association, 331(7516), 528–529.
Abraham, J. (2008). Sociology of pharmaceuticals development and regulation: A realist empirical research programme. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30(6), 869–885.
Abraham, J. (2009). The pharmaceutical industry, the state and the NHS. In J. Gabe & M. Calnan (Eds.), The new sociology of the health service. London: Routledge.
Adair, R. F., & Holmgren, L. R. (2005). Do drug samples influence resident prescribing behavior? A randomized trail. The American Journal of Medicine, 118(8), 881–884.
Anderson, B. (2015, November 5). Neoliberal affects. Progress in Human Geography. doi:10.1177/0309132515613167.
Anderson, S., & Cavanagh, J. (2000). Top 200: The rise of corporate global power. Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies.
Andrain, C. F., & Smith, J. T. (2004). Political democracy, trust and social justice: A comparative overview. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Angell, M. (2011). The illusions of psychiatry. The New York Review of Books, 58(12), 82–84.
Arthur, M. (2006). Struggle and the prospects for world government. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing.
Attridge, M., Amaral, T., Bjornson, T., Goplerud, E., Herlihy, P., McPherson, T., et al. (2009). History and growth of the EAP field. EASNA Research Notes, 1(1), 1–4.
Bardhan, P., & Roemer, J. E. (1992). Market socialism, a case for rejuvenation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(3), 101–116.
BCC Research Report. (2011). Drugs for treating mental disorders: Technologies and global markets. Retrieved from http://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/pharmaceuticals/mental-disorders-drugs-phm074a.html
Béhague, D. P. (2009). Psychiatry and Politics in Pelotas, Brazil: The equivocal quality of conduct disorder and related diagnoses. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 23(4), 455–482.
Berdayes, V., & Murphy, J. W. (Eds.). (2015). Neoliberalism, economic radicalism, and the normalization of violence. New York, NY: Springer.
Berlin, I. (1969). Four essays on liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bermejo, R. (2014). Handbook for a sustainable economy. New York, NY: Springer.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). The weight of the world: Social suffering in contemporary society. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Bracken, P., et al. (2012). Psychiatry beyond the current paradigm. British Journal of Psychiatry, 201, 430–434.
Brauser, D. (2013). Psychiatrists top the list of big pharma payments again. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780835
Brezis, E., & Cariolle, J. (2015). Measuring conflicts of interest: A revolving door indicator. Working Papers No. P122. Retrieved from http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fdi:wpaper:2029
Campbell, E. G., Weissman, J. S., Ehringhaus, S., Sowmya, R., Rao, R., Moy, B., et al. (2007). Institutional Academic-Industry relationships. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(15), 1779–1786.
Caplan, P. (1995). They say you’re crazy. New York: DaCapo Press.
Carlat, D. (2010). Unhinged: The trouble with psychiatry—A doctor’s revelations about a profession in crisis. New York: First Free Press.
Carter, J. (1979). Crisis of confidence. Retrieved from http://www.cartercenter.org/news/editorials_speeches/crisis_of_confidence.html
Chan, A. W., & Altman, D. G. (2005). Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomized trials on PubMed: Review of publications and survey of authors. British Medical Journal, 330, 753–759.
Choudhry, N. K., Stelfox, H. T., & Detsky, A. S. (2002). Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(5), 612–617.
Coppen, A. (1967). The biochemistry of affective disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1237–1264.
Cooper, R. (2004). What is wrong with the DSM? History of Psychiatry, 15(1), 5–25.
Cosgrove, L., Krimsky, S., Vijayaraghavan, M., & Schneider, L. (2006). Financial ties between DSM-IV panel members and the pharmaceutical industry. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 154–160.
Crott, R. G., & Gilis, P. (1998). Economic comparisons of the pharmacotherapy of depression: An overview. ACTA Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 97, 241–252.
Curtis, A. (2007). The Trap. Dir. Adam Curtis. BBC 2 Production.
Das, V., Kleinman, A., Lock, M., Ramphele, M., & Reynolds, P. (Eds.). (2001). Remaking a world: Violence, social suffering and recovery. Oakland: University of California Press.
Davies, J. (2011). The importance of suffering: The value and meaning of emotional discontent. London: Routledge.
Davies, J. (2013). Cracked: Why psychiatry is doing more harm than good. London: Icon Books.
Davies, W. (2015). The happiness industry: How the government and big business sold us well-being. London: Verso Books.
Davies, J. (2016). The construction of DSM-III: A process of voting and committee consensus. Anthropology and Medicine, 23(3): 1–15.
De Vos, J. (2012). Psychologisation in times of globalisation (concepts for critical psychology). London: Routledge.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.). (1980). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
Dillon, S. (2012). Possessed by death: The neoliberal-carceral state, Black feminism, and the afterlife of slavery. Radical History Review, 112, 113–125.
Dow, J. (1986). Universal aspects of symbolic healing: A theoretical synthesis. American Anthropologist, 88(1), 56–69.
Ecks, S. (2005). Pharmaceutical citizenship: Antidepressant marketing and the promise of demarginalization of India. Anthropology and Medicine, 12(3), 239–254.
EFPIA. (2016). The EFPIA code on disclosure and transfers of value from pharmaceutical companies to healthcare professionals and healthcare organisations. Retrieved from http://transparency.efpia.eu/the-efpia-code-2
Espostio, L., & Perez, F. M. (2014). Neoliberalism and the commodification of mental health. Humanity & Society, 38(4), 414–442.
Fischer, R. (2006). The expansion of intellectual property rights by international agreement: A case study comparing Chile and Australia’s bilateral FTA negotiations with the U.S. Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review, 28, p. 129.
Foucault, M. (2004). The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978–1979. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Frances, A. (2013). Saving normal: An insider’s revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, big pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. New York, NY: William Morrow.
Friedli, L., & Stearn, R. (2015). Positive affect as coercive strategy: Conditionality, activation and the role of psychology in UK government workfare programmes. Medical Humanities, 41(1), 40–47.
Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, M. (2008). Free to choose: A personal statement. New York, NY: Harvest.
Gaines, A. D. (1992). From DSM-I to III-R; Voices of self, mastery and the other: A cultural constructivist reading of U.S. psychiatric classification. Social Science and Medicine, 35(1), 3–24.
Gotzsche, P. (2013). Deadly medicines and organised crime: How big pharma has corrupted healthcare. London: Radcliff Publishing.
Greenberg, P. E., Stiglin, L. E., Finkelstein, S. N., & Berndt, E. R. (1993). The economic burdens of depression in 1990. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 405–418.
Greenslit, N., & Kaptchuk, T. (2012). Antidepressants and advertising: Psychopharmaceuticals in crisis. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 85(1), 153–158.
Hall, S., & O’Shea, A. (2013). Common-sense neoliberalism. Soundings, 55, 8–24.
Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Health and Social Care Information Centre. (2012) Prescribing by GP practice, October to December 2012. Retrieved from http://www.qualitywatch.org.uk/indicator/rates-antidepressant-prescribing-across-england
Healy, D. (2006a). Let them eat Prozac: The unhealthy relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and depression. New York, NY: NYU Press.
Healy, D. (2006b). Did regulators fail over selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? British Medical Journal, 333(7558), 92–95.
Healy, D. (2013). Pharmageddon. California: University of California Press.
Hedgehog Review. (2003). The commodification of everything. The Hedgehog Review, 5(2), 5–6.
Heinz, J. P., Paik, A., & Southworth, A. (2003). Lawyers for conservative causes: Clients, ideology, and social distance. Law and Society Review, 37, 5–50.
Helman, C. (1997). Culture, health and illness. London: B H.
Hickel, J. (2012). A short history of neoliberalism (and how we can fix it). New Left Project. Retrieved from http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/a_short_history_of_neoliberalism_and_how_we_can_fix_it
House of Commons Health Committee. (2005). The influence of the pharmaceutical industry. London: The Stationery Office Limited.
House, R., & Loewenthal, D. (2008). Against and for CBT: Towards a constructive dialogue? London: PCCS Books.
James, O. (2008). The selfish capitalist: Origins of affluenza. London: Vermillion.
Jones, R., Pykett, J., & Whitehead, M. (2013). Psychological governance and behaviour change. Policy Politics, 41(2), 159–182.
Kinderman, P. (2014). A prescription for psychiatry: Why we need a whole new approach to mental health and wellbeing. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kirmayer, L. J., & Minas, H. (2000). The future of cultural psychiatry: An international perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(5), 438–446.
Klein, N. (2014). This changes everything: Capitalism vs. the climate. London: Penguin.
Kleinman, A. (1991 [1988]). Rethinking psychiatry. New York: Free Press.
Kleinman, A. (1997). Social suffering. Oakland: University of California Press.
Kleinman, A. (2012). Rebalancing Academic Psychiatry: Why it needs to happen—And soon. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201, 421–422.
Kotz, D, M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Krause, R. (2005). Depression, antidepressants and an examination of epidemological changes. The Journal of Radical Psychology, 4(1). Retrieved from: http://www.radicalpsychology.org/vol4- 1/krause.html
Kutchins, H., & Kirk, S. A. (1986). The reliability of DSM-III: A critical review. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 22, 3–12.
Lakoff, A. (2004). The Anxieties of Globalization: Antidepressant sales and economic crisis in Argentina. Social Studies of Science, 34, 247–269.
Larner, W. (2003). Neoliberalism? Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29, 509–512.
Lawrence, A. J., Jones, S., Cohen, J., & Zeanah, C. H. (Eds.). (2000). The impact of poverty on the mental health and development of very young children, Handbook of infant mental health (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Layard, R. (2006). The depression report: A new deal for depression and anxiety disorders. The Centre for Economic Performance’s Mental Health. Retrieved from http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/special/depressionreport.pdf
Leo, J., & Lacasse, J. R. (2008). The media and the chemical imbalance theory of depression. Society, 45, 35–45.
Lewis, S. (2010). Neoliberalism, conflict of interest, and the governance of health research in Canada. Open Medicine, 4(1), 1–4.
Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Clark, O. (2003). Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review. British Medical Journal, 326, 1167–1170.
Lieberman, J. A. (2015). Shrinks: The untold story of psychiatry. New York, NY: Little Brown and Company.
Littlewood, R. (2001). Pathologies of the West: The anthropology of mental illness in Europe and America. Ithica: Cornell University Press.
Lo, B., & Field, M. J. (2009). Conflict of interest in medical research, education, and practice. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Luhrmann, T. (2000). Of two minds: The growing disorder in American psychiatry. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Macdonald, S., Morrison, J., Maxwell, M., Munoz-Arroyo, R., Power, A., Smith, M., et al. (2009). A coal face option: GPs’ perspectives on the rise in antidepressant prescribing. British Journal of General Practice, 59(566), 299–307.
Mai, M. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity: An artefact of current diagnostic systems? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 182–184.
Marmor, J. (1962). Psychoanalytic therapy as an educational process: Common denominations in therapeutic approaches of different therapeutic “schools”. In J. H. Masserman (Ed.), Psycho-analytic education. London: Grune and Stratton.
Martin, E. (2006). Pharmaceutical virtue. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 30(2), 157–174.
Martinez, E., & García, A. (2000). What is “neo-liberalism?” A brief definition. New York: The New Press.
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1975) Collected works. (Vol. 5). London: Lawrence and Wishart.
McGuigan, J. (2014). The neoliberal self. Culture Unbound, 6, 223–240.
Mills, C. W. (1959). The sociological imagination. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.
Mirowski, P. (2013). Never let a serious crisis go to waste: How neoliberalism survived the financial meltdown. London: Verso Books.
Moncrieff, J. (2013). The bitterest pills: The troubling story of antipsychotic drugs. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Murali, V., & Oyebode, F. (2004). Poverty, social inequality and mental health. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10(3), 216–224.
Nast, H. (2006). Loving … whatever: Alienation, neoliberalism and pet-love in the twenty-first century. Acme, 5(2), 3–8.
OECD. (2009). Revolving doors, accountability and transparency—Emerging regulatory concerns and policy solutions in the financial crisis. Public Governance Committee, Paris.
OECD. (2015). The future of productivity. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/eco/growth/OECD-2015-The-future-of-productivity-book.pdf
Ong, A. (2007). Neoliberalism as mobile technology. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32, 3–8.
Orlowski, J. P., & Wateska, L. (1992). The effects of pharmaceutical firm enticements on physician prescribing patterns. Chest, 102, 270–273.
Paris, J. (2013). Fads & fallacies in psychiatry. London: RCPSYCH.
Piketty, T. (2014). Capitalism in the twenty-first century. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Pilgrim, D., & Rogers, A. (2014). A sociology of mental health and illness. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Prince, M., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., et al. (2007). No health without mental health. The Lancet, 370(9590), 859–877.
Reeves, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2014). Economic suicides in the great recession in Europe and North America. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(3), 246–247.
Rizq, R. (2014). Perversion, neoliberalism and therapy: The audit culture in mental health services. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 19, 209–218. doi:10.1057/pcs.2014.15.
Roberts, R. (2015). Psychology and capitalism: The manipulation of mind. London: Zero Books.
Rose, H. (2003). The commodification of virtual reality: The Icelandic health sector database. In A. H. Goodman, D. Heath, & S. M. Lindee (Eds.), Anthropology and Science beyond the Two-Culture Divide. Oakland: University of California Press.
Ross, J. S., et al. (2007). Pharmaceutical company payments to physicians early experiences with disclosure laws in Vermont and Minnesota. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(11), 1216–1223.
Ross, J. S., Hill, K. P., Egilman, D. S., & Krumholz, H. M. (2008). Guest authorship and ghost-writing in publications related to rofecoxib: A case study of industry documents from rofecoxib litigation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(15), 1800–1812.
Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., Knapp, M., & Whiteford, H. (2007). Resources for mental health: Scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. The Lancet, 370(9590), 878–889.
Scharff, C. (2011). Disarticulating feminism: Individualization, neoliberalism and the othering of Muslim women. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 18(2), 119–134.
Schildkraut, J. J. (1965). The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 509–522.
Sennett, R. (2007). The culture of the new capitalism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shields, J., & Grant, D. (2010). Psychologising the subject: HRM, commodification, and the objectification of labour. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 20(2), 61–76.
Skultans, V. (2003). From damaged nerves to masked depression: Inevitability and hope in Latvian psychiatric narratives. Social Science and Medicine, 56(12), 2421–2431.
Smith, A. (2010 [1759]). Theory of moral sentiments. London: Penguin Classics.
Spence, R., Roberts, A., Ariti, C., & Bardsley, M. (2014). Focus on: Antidepressant prescribing trends in the prescribing of antidepressants in primary care. Nuffield Trust Foundation.
Spitzer, R. l., Williams, J., & Skodol, A. E. (1980). DSM-III: The major achievements and an overview. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 137(2), 151–164.
Spurling, G. K., et al. (2010). Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians’ prescribing: A systematic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(10), e1000352.
Stiglitz, J. (2013). The price of inequality. London: Penguin.
Stiglitz, J. (2016). The capitalist economy as a credit economy. In S. J. (Ed.), Towards a general theory of deep downturns: Presidential address from the 17th World congress of the international economic association. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Summerfield, D. (2008). How scientifically valid is the knowledge base of global mental health? British Medical Journal, 336, 992–994.
Tett, G. (2010). Fool’s gold. London: Abacus.
Thatcher, M. (1981, May 3) Interview. Sunday Times. Retrieved from http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104475
Thorsen, D. E. (2010). The neoliberal challenge: What is neoliberalism? Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 2(2), 15–41.
Tienken, C. H. (2013). Neoliberalism, social darwinism, and consumerism masquerading as school reform. Interchange, 43(4), 295–316.
Timimi, S. (2013). No more psychiatric labels: Campaign to abolish psychiatric diagnostic systems such as ICD and DSM (CAPSID). Self and Society, 40(4), 6–14.
Turner, E. H., Matthews, A. M., Linardatos, E., Tell, R. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2008). Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(3), 252–260.
Verhaeghe, P. (2012). What about me: The struggle for identity in a market-based society. London: Scribe.
Weich, S., & Lewis, G. (1998). Poverty, unemployment, and common mental disorders: Population based cohort study. British Medical Journal, 317, 115.
Wesson, G., & Gould, M. (2010). Can a ‘return-to-work’ agenda fit within the theory and practice of CBT for depression and anxiety disorders? The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 3, 27–42. doi:10.1017/S1754470X10000036.
Whitaker, R. (2011). Anatomy of an epidemic: Magic bullets, psychiatric drugs, and the astonishing rise of mental illness in America. New York: Broadway Books.
Whitaker, R., & Cosgrove, L. (2015). Psychiatry under the influence: Institutional corruption, social injury, and prescriptions for reform. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Whitney, P., & Ochsman, R. B. (1989). Psychology and productivity. London: Springer.
Williams, S. J., Martin, P., & Gabe, J. (2010). The pharmaceuticalisation of society? A framework for analysis. Sociology of Health and Illness, 33(5), 710–725.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Davies, J. (2017). Political Pills: Psychopharmaceuticals and Neoliberalism as Mutually Supporting. In: Davies, J. (eds) The Sedated Society. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44911-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44911-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44910-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44911-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)