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Charging Stations as “Essential Facilities”

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Accelerating E-Mobility in Germany

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Law ((BRIEFSLAW))

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Abstract

Electricity suppliers, in addition to the previously shown right of third party network access in accordance with § 20 para. 1 of the EnWG, may also have a right to non-discriminatory network access in accordance with competition law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Whereby the dogmatic meaningfulness of § 111a EnWG must be seriously called into question, since regulatory and antitrust law have different objectives. The provision eventually results in a gap in legal protection, for example in regard to network tariffs, because even approved network tariffs may violate competition law, see ECJ, C‑280/08 P („Telekom“).

  2. 2.

    European Commission (1997).

  3. 3.

    FCJ, Decision on December 06, 2011, case no. KVR 95/10 („Total/OMV“), recital 27.

  4. 4.

    Form CO relating to the notification of a concentration pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 (Annex to Regulation 3384/94), section 6.

  5. 5.

    von Dietze and Janssen (2011), recital 376.

  6. 6.

    FCJ, ibidem.

  7. 7.

    see Art. 2 No. 7 of Directive 2014/94/EU.

  8. 8.

    Annex II, No. 1.1 of Directive 2014/94/EU.

  9. 9.

    Annex II, No. 1.2 of Directive 2014/94/EU.

  10. 10.

    Federal Ministry for Transport and digital Infrastructure (2014, pp. 11–12).

  11. 11.

    Federal Cartel Office, Decision of November 30, 2009, case no. B8-107/09 (Integra/Thüga), recitals 24ff., and Decision of April 30, 2010, case no. B8-109/09 (RWE/SW Lingen/SW Radevormwald), recitals 26ff.

  12. 12.

    Federal Cartel Office, ibidem.

  13. 13.

    See § 2 Abs. 7 KAV.

  14. 14.

    BDEW (2015).

  15. 15.

    European Commission (1997), recital 8.

  16. 16.

    European Commission (2015, pp. 5 and 9).

  17. 17.

    BDEW (2015).

  18. 18.

    RWE Effizienz GmbH (2015).

  19. 19.

    ECJ, Judgement of the Court of March 16, 2000, C-395/96 P („Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports“), recital 36; CFI, Judgement of the Court of January 26, 2005, T-193/02 („Piau“), recital 110.

  20. 20.

    ECJ, Judgement of the Court of March 16, 2000, C-395/96 P(„Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports“), recital 42.

  21. 21.

    E.g. http://www.ladenetz.de/ by smartlab Innovationsgesellschaft mbH or http://www.intercharge.eu/ by der Hubject GmbH.

  22. 22.

    CFI, Judgement of the Court of January 26, 2005, T-193/02 („Piau“), recital 111.

  23. 23.

    BDEW (2016) is the umbrella organization for the established energy and water utilities in Germany. The member companies represent around 90 % of the electricity sales in Germany, see https://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/mitglieder-de.

  24. 24.

    VKU (2016) represents the interests of the local energy and disposal industry in Germany, see http://www.vku.de/ueber-uns.html.

  25. 25.

    See BDEW (2013), no. 3.2.

  26. 26.

    VKU (2015), p. 4.

  27. 27.

    The European Commission (2016) clearly states in regard to roaming charges:

    „…they are a market distortion with no rational place in a single market – they teach users to fear their phones instead of using them.“ http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/roaming.

  28. 28.

    Thus explicitly declared in No. 1 of the priorities of Jean-Claude Juncker (2015), President of the European Commission, http://juncker.epp.eu/node/151.

  29. 29.

    This was confirmed by the responsible staff member of Stromnetz Hamburg during an expert talk with the author in Hamburg on January 26, 2015. The website of Stromnetz Hamburg GmbH euphemistically describes the return to the roaming model in the section „innovations for the grid of the future“ as „new access option“ for charging stations, http://www.stromnetz.hamburg/ueber-uns/innovationen/.

  30. 30.

    Pitofski et al. (2002), pp. 443–448.

  31. 31.

    ECJ, Judgement of the Court of November 26, 1998, C-7/97.

  32. 32.

    ECJ, ibidem, recitals 45f.

  33. 33.

    ECJ, Judgement of the Court of April 29, 2004, C-418/01 („IMS Health/NDC Health“), recital 52.

  34. 34.

    ECJ, ibidem, recital 49.

  35. 35.

    The author has received contract documents and pricing conditions for 2013 for participation in a certain roaming network.

  36. 36.

    Federal Network Agency and Federal Cartel Office (2015), p. 164.

  37. 37.

    Statista GmbH (2015), Average spot market price at power broker EEX, http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/154012/umfrage/grosshandelspreise-fuer-strom-in-deutschland-seit-2008/. In fact, the electricity procurement will have been more expensive, because the electricity is procured in a structured manner, i.e. at different times, and costs for balancing group management arise in addition to the procurement costs.

  38. 38.

    bne Association of Energy Market Innovators (2006), pp. 24–25.

  39. 39.

    Federal Network Agency (2014), p. 12.

  40. 40.

    However, in this case there would certainly be the risk that this competition would look just like the market situation of petrol stations today—hardly a convincing idea.

  41. 41.

    GAR Baden-Württemberg (2010), § 10.

  42. 42.

    See Stromnetz Hamburg GmbH (2015), § 16 Konzessionsvertrag in conjuction with no. 5.2.12 and Appendix 3 (Bericht zur Entwicklung der Ladeinfrastruktur) of „Kooperationsvereinbarung zwischen der Stadt Hamburg und Stromnetz Hamburg GmbH“; https://www.stromnetz.hamburg/ueber-uns/auftrag/.

  43. 43.

    Berliner Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (2015).

  44. 44.

    Stadt Aalen (2011).

  45. 45.

    Some interesting and well worth reading remarks that tell how RWE acquired the concessions in Berlin: Technische Universität Berlin (2011, pp. 16-22).

  46. 46.

    Tendering procedure of the City of Berlin of October 25, 2012: „Lieferung, Errichtung und Betrieb von öffentlich zugänglichen Ladeeinrichtungen für Elektrofahrzeuge“, tenders electronic daily (2012) (Supplement zum Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union); http://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:339170-2012:TEXT:DE:HTML&src=0.

  47. 47.

    For example, Aral operates 2377 petrol stations in Germany, see Statista GmbH (2016).

  48. 48.

    See also Reinke (2014), p. 144; rejecting: Franz (2011, p. 16).

  49. 49.

    BDEW (2013), no. 3.2.

  50. 50.

    VKU (2015), p. 7; BDEW, ibidem.

  51. 51.

    See Annex A—Overview: Operators of Charging Stations.

  52. 52.

    This assessment is also in line with the position of the European Commission (2004), recital 78:

    „Horizontal cartels covering the whole of a Member State are normally capable of affecting trade between Member States. The Community Courts have held in a number of cases that agreements extending over the whole territory of a Member State by their very nature have the effect of reinforcing the partitioning of markets on a national basis by hindering the economic penetration which the Treaty is designed to bring about.“

  53. 53.

    This is the opinion of the author; opposing view: Higher Reginal Court Munich, Judgement of May 20, 2010, case no. U (K) 4653/09, recital 42.

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    Markus Adam

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Adam, M. (2016). Charging Stations as “Essential Facilities”. In: Accelerating E-Mobility in Germany. SpringerBriefs in Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44884-8_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44884-8_3

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