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Biomaterials as Tendon and Ligament Substitutes: Current Developments

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Regenerative Strategies for the Treatment of Knee Joint Disabilities

Part of the book series: Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials ((SMTEB,volume 21))

Abstract

Tendon and ligament have specialized dynamic microenvironment characterized by a complex hierarchical extracellular matrix essential for tissue functionality, and responsible to be an instructive niche for resident cells. Among musculoskeletal diseases, tendon/ligament injuries often result in pain, substantial tissue morbidity, and disability, affecting athletes, active working people and elder population. This represents not only a major healthcare problem but it implies considerable social and economic hurdles. Current treatments are based on the replacement and/or augmentation of the damaged tissue with severe associated limitations. Thus, it is evident the clinical challenge and emergent need to recreate native tissue features and regenerate damaged tissues. In this context, the design and development of anisotropic bioengineered systems with potential to recapitulate the hierarchical architecture and organization of tendons and ligaments from nano to macro scale will be discussed in this chapter. Special attention will be given to the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques, namely spinning and electrochemical alignment techniques to address the demanding requirements for tendon substitutes, particularly concerning the importance of biomechanical and structural cues of these tissues. Moreover, the poor innate regeneration ability related to the low cellularity and vascularization of tendons and ligaments also anticipates the importance of cell based strategies, particularly on the stem cells role for the success of tissue engineered therapies. In summary, this chapter provides a general overview on tendon and ligaments physiology and current conventional treatments for injuries caused by trauma and/or disease. Moreover, this chapter presents tissue engineering approaches as an alternative to overcome the limitations of current therapies, focusing on the discussion about scaffolds design for tissue substitutes to meet the regenerative medicine challenges towards the functional restoration of damaged or degenerated tendon and ligament tissues.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology for the post-doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/111729/2015) and for the projects Recognize (UTAP-ICDT/CTM-BIO/0023/2014) and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007038.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 3B’s Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark—Parque de Ciência E Tecnologia, Zona Industrial Da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco GMR, Portugal

    Mariana L. Santos, Márcia T. Rodrigues, Rui M. A. Domingues, Rui Luís Reis & Manuela E. Gomes

  2. ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal

    Mariana L. Santos, Márcia T. Rodrigues, Rui M. A. Domingues, Rui Luís Reis & Manuela E. Gomes

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  1. Mariana L. Santos
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  2. Márcia T. Rodrigues
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  3. Rui M. A. Domingues
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  4. Rui Luís Reis
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  5. Manuela E. Gomes
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Correspondence to Manuela E. Gomes .

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  1. 3B’s Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

    Joaquim Miguel Oliveira

  2. ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate, Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

    Rui Luís Reis

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Santos, M.L., Rodrigues, M.T., Domingues, R.M.A., Reis, R.L., Gomes, M.E. (2017). Biomaterials as Tendon and Ligament Substitutes: Current Developments. In: Oliveira, J., Reis, R. (eds) Regenerative Strategies for the Treatment of Knee Joint Disabilities. Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44785-8_17

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