Abstract
Convolutional neural networks have many parallels with the primate visual cortex, including deep structures with sparse retinotopic connections, and feature maps with increasing specificity and invariance along feedforward paths. The present study explores the possibility of specifically training convolutional networks to resemble the primate cortex more closely. In particular, in addition to supervised learning to minimize an output error function, a deep layer is directly trained to approximate primate electrophysiology data. This method is used to develop a model of the macaque monkey dorsal stream that estimates heading and speed from visual input.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Felleman, D.J., Van Essen, D.C.: Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1, 1–47 (1991)
Wandell, B.A., Winawer, J.: Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain. Vis. Res. 51(7), 718–737 (2011)
Krüger, N., Janssen, P., Kalkan, S., Lappe, M., Leonardis, A., Piater, J., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A.J., Wiskott, L.: Deep hierarchies in the primate visual cortex: what can we learn for computer vision? IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35(8), 1847–1871 (2013)
Goodale, M.A., Milner, A.D.: Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 15(1), 20–25 (1992)
Tanaka, K.: Inferotemporal cortex and object vision. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 109–139 (1996)
Ungerleider, L.G., Bell, A.H.: Uncovering the visual “alphabet”: advances in our understanding of object perception. Vis. Res. 51(7), 782–799 (2011)
O’Neil, E.B., Protzner, A.B., McCormick, C., McLean, D.A., Poppenk, J., Cate, A.D., Köhler, S.: Distinct patterns of functional and effective connectivity between perirhinal cortex and other cortical regions in recognition memory and perceptual discrimination. Cereb. Cortex 22(1), 74–85 (2012)
Borra, E., Belmalih, A., Calzavara, R., Gerbella, M., Murata, A., Rozzi, S., Luppino, G.: Cortical connections of the macaque anterior intraparietal (AIP) area. Cereb. Cortex 18(5), 1094–1111 (2008)
LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J.S., Henderson, D., Howard, R.E., Hubbard, W., Jackel, L.D.: Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network. In: NIPS 1989, pp. 396–404 (1990)
Fukushima, K.: Neocognitron: a self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position. Biol. Cybern. 36(4), 193–202 (1980)
Serre, T., Wolf, L., Bileschi, S., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T.: Robust object recognition with cortex-like mechanisms. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(3), 411–426 (2007)
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: NIPS 2012, pp. 1–9 (2012)
Yamins, D.L.K., Hong, H., Cadieu, C.F., Solomon, E.A., Seibert, D., Dicarlo, J.J.: Performance-optimized hierarchical models predict neural responses in higher visual cortex. PNAS 111(23), 8619–8624 (2014)
Nover, H., Anderson, C.H., DeAngelis, G.C.: A logarithmic, scale-invariant representation of speed in macaque middle temporal area accounts for speed discrimination performance. J. Neurosci. 25(43), 10049–10060 (2005)
DeAngelis, G.C., Uka, T.: Coding of horizontal disparity and velocity by MT neurons in the alert macaque. J. Neurophysiol. 89(2), 1094–1111 (2003)
Pack, C.C., Born, R.T.: Temporal dynamics of a neural solution to the aperture problem in visual area MT of macaque brain. Nature 409(6823), 1040–1042 (2001)
Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat’s striate cortex. J. Physiol. 148, 574–591 (1959)
Markov, N.T., Ercsey-Ravasz, M.M., Ribeiro Gomes, A.R., Lamy, C., Magrou, L., Vezoli, J., Misery, P., Falchier, A., Quilodran, R., Gariel, M.A., Sallet, J., Gamanut, R., Huissoud, C., Clavagnier, S., Giroud, P., Sappey-Marinier, D., Barone, P., Dehay, C., Toroczkai, Z., Knoblauch, K., Van Essen, D.C., Kennedy, H.: A weighted and directed interareal connectivity matrix for macaque cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 24(1), 17–36 (2014)
Stevenson, I.H., Kording, K.P.: How advances in neural recording affect data analysis. Nat. Neurosci. 14(2), 139–142 (2011)
Chollet, F.: Keras (2015). https://github.com/fchollet/keras
Bergstra, J., Bastien, F., Breuleux, O., Lamblin, P., Pascanu, R., Delalleau, O., Desjardins, G., Warde-Farley, D., Goodfellow, I., Bergeron, A., Bengio, Y.: Theano: deep learning on GPUs with Python. In: NIPS 2011 BigLearning Workshop, pp. 1–4 (2011)
Adelson, E.H., Bergen, J.R.: Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. J. Opt. Soci. Am. A, Opt. Image Sci. 2(2), 284–299 (1985)
Britten, K.H., Shadlen, M.N., Newsome, W.T., Movshon, J.A.: The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. J. Neurosci. 12(12), 4745–4765 (1992)
Cook, E.P., Maunsell, J.H.R.: Dynamics of neuronal responses in macaque MT and VIP during motion detection. Nat. Neurosci. 5(10), 985–994 (2002)
Nishimoto, S., Gallant, L.: A three-dimensional spatiotemporal receptive field model explains responses of area MT neurons to naturalistic movies. J. Neurosci. 31(41), 14551–14564 (2011)
Kingma, D., Ba, J.: Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. arxiv:1412.6980 [cs], pp. 1–15 (2014)
Carandini, M., Heeger, D.J.: Normalization as a canonical neural computation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 51–62 (2011)
Arai, K., Keller, E.L., Edelman, J.A.: Two-dimensional neural network model of the primate saccadic system. Neural Netw. 7(6–7), 1115–1135 (1994)
Lehky, S.R., Kiani, R., Esteky, H., Tanaka, K.: Statistics of visual responses in primate inferotemporal cortex to object stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 106(3), 1097–1117 (2011)
Schaffelhofer, S., Scherberger, H.: From vision to action: a comparative population study of hand grasping areas AIP, F5, and M1. In: Bernstein Conference 2014 (2014)
Rubin, D.B., Van Hooser, S.D., Miller, K.D.: The stabilized supralinear network: a unifying circuit motif underlying multi-input integration in sensory cortex. Neuron 85(1), 1–51 (2015)
Eliasmith, C.: A unified approach to building and controlling spiking attractor networks. Neural Comput. 17(6), 1276–1314 (2005)
Pinheiro, P.H.O., Collobert, R.: Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks for Scene Parsing, June 2013
Liu, F., Lin, G., Shen, C.: CRF learning with CNN features for image segmentation. Pattern Recogn. 48(10), 2983–2992 (2015)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Reseach Council of Canada.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Tripp, B.P. (2016). A Convolutional Network Model of the Primate Middle Temporal Area. In: Villa, A., Masulli, P., Pons Rivero, A. (eds) Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2016. ICANN 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9887. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44781-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44781-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44780-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44781-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)