Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Brief Informant Interviews to Screen for Dementia: The AD8 and Quick Dementia Rating System

  • Chapter
Cognitive Screening Instruments

Abstract

The AD8 is an informant-based dementia screening test designed to capture intra-individual change in cognitive and functional abilities. Taking only 2–3 min, the AD8 is highly correlated with gold standard evaluations including the Clinical Dementia Rating scale, neuropsychological testing, and cerebrospinal fluid and imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. The AD8 has validated in a variety of clinical settings across the world. As the AD8 is in a Yes/No format, it may not be applicable to staging severity of longitudinal follow-up. The Quick Dementia Rating System is a ten-item multiple choice questionnaire that takes 3–5 min and provides a quantitative assessment of cognitive, functional, and behavioral domains to stage dementia severity. Combining a brief informant assessment with a brief performance measure should markedly increase the ability to detect and stage dementia and other cognitive impairments in a variety of clinical, research, and community settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alzheimer Disease Facts & Figures 2015. www.alz.org. Accessed 21 Apr 2016.

  2. Milne A, Culverwell A, Guss R, Tuppen J, Whelton R. Screening for dementia in primary care: a review of the use, efficacy and quality of measures. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20:911–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Galvin JE. Dementia screening, biomarkers and protein misfolding implications for public health and diagnosis. Prion. 2011;5:16–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Galvin JE, Jicha G, Parker MW, Tariot PN. Screen and intervene: the importance of early detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Roundtable Gen Med Ed. 2012;1:50–8.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tolea MI, Galvin JE. Current guidelines for dementia screening: shortcomings and recommended changes. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2013;3:565–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Boustani MA, Justiss MD, Frame A, et al. Caregiver and noncaregiver attitudes toward dementia screening. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:681–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Espino DV, Lichtenstein MJ, Palmer RF, Hazuda HP. Evaluation of the mini-mental state examination’s internal consistency in a community-based sample of Mexican-American and European-American elders: results from the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:822–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, Williams Jr JW. Does this patient have dementia? JAMA. 2007;297:2391–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK, et al. The AD8: a brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology. 2005;65:559–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Galvin JE, Roe CM, Xiong C, Morris JC. The validity and reliability of the AD8 informant interview in dementia. Neurology. 2006;67:1942–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Galvin JE, Roe CM, Coats MA, Morris JC. Using the AD8, a brief informant interview, a self-rating tool to detect dementia. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:725–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Galvin JE, Roe CM, Morris JC. Evaluation of cognitive impairment in older adults: combining brief informant and performance measures. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:718–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Larner AJ. AD8 informant questionnaire for cognitive impairment: pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2015;28:198–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, Chodosh J, Reuben D, Verghese J, Thies W, Fried LB, Medicare Detection of Cognitive Impairment Workgroup. Alzheimer’s Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:141–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC). Guideline synthesis: diagnosis and assessment of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2006. Available at: http://guideline.gov. Accessed 21 Apr 2016.

  17. Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43:2412–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Berg L, McKeel Jr DW, Miller JP, et al. Clinopathologic studies in cognitively healthy aging and Alzheimer disease: relation to histologic markers to dementia severity, age, sex, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:326–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Galvin JE, Powlishta KK, Wilkins K, et al. Predictors of preclinical Alzheimer disease and dementia: a clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:758–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Galvin JE, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Mintun MA, Morris JC. Relationship of dementia screening tests with biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2010;133:3290–300.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989;19:1015–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Henderson AS, Jacomb PA, Korten AE, Mackinnon A. Informant ratings of cognitive decline of elderly people: relationship to longitudinal change on cognitive tests. Age Ageing. 1996;25:125–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jorm AF. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2004;16:275–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Razavi M, Tolea MI, Margrett J, Martin P, Oakland A, Tscholl DW, Ghods S, Mina M, Galvin JE. Comparison of 2 informant questionnaire screening tools for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: AD8 and IQCODE. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2014;28:156–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Jackson TA, MacLullich AM, Gladman JR, Lord JM, Sheehan B. Diagnostic test accuracy of informant-based tools to diagnose dementia in older hospital patients with delirium: a prospective cohort study. Age Ageing. 2016;45:505–11.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Zeng L, Josephson SA, Fukuda KA, Neuhaus J, Douglas VC. A prospective comparison of informant-based and performance-based dementia screening tools to predict in-hospital delirium. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2015;29:312–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Boltz M, Chippendale T, Resnick B, Galvin JE. Testing family-centered, function-focused care in hospitalized persons with dementia. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2015;5:203–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Chan QL, Shaik MA, Xu J, Xu X, Chen CL, Dong Y. The combined utility of a brief functional measure and performance-based screening test for case finding of cognitive impairment in primary healthcare. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:372.e9-372.e11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Shaik MA, Xu X, Chan QL, Hui RJ, Chong SS, Chen CL, Dong Y. The reliability and validity of the informant AD8 by comparison with a series of cognitive assessment tools in primary healthcare. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28:443–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chin R, Ng A, Narasimhalu K, Kandiah N. Utility of the AD8 as a self-rating tool for cognitive impairment in an Asian population. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2013;28:284–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kelleher M, Tolea MI, Galvin JE. Anosognosia increases caregiver burden in mild cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31:799–808.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Maxwell CA, Mion LC, Mukherjee K, Dietrich MS, Minnick A, May A, Miller RS. Preinjury physical frailty and cognitive impairment among geriatric trauma patients determine postinjury functional recovery and survival. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80:195–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Galvin JE, Tolea MI, George N, Wingbermuehle C. Public-private partnerships improve health outcomes in individuals with early stage Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:621–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Chen CH, Wang LC, Ma TC, Yang YH. A walk-in screening of dementia in the general population in Taiwan. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:243738.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Coats MA, Jackson P, Miller JP, Morris JC. Informant-based dementia screening in a population-based sample of African Americans. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23:117–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Carnero Pardo C, de la Vega Cotarelo R, López Alcalde S, Martos Aparicio C, Vílchez Carrillo R, Mora Gavilán E, Galvin JE. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy (DA) of the Spanish version of the informant-based AD8 questionnaire. Neurologia. 2013;28:88–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Muñoz-Neira C, Henríquez CF, Ihnen JJ, Sánchez CM, Flores MP, Slachevsky CA. Psychometric properties and diagnostic usefulness of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised in a Chilean elderly sample. Rev Med Chil. 2012;140:1006–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Muñoz C, Núñez J, Flores P, Behrens PMI, Slachevsky A. Usefulness of a brief informant interview to detect dementia, translated into Spanish (AD8-Ch). Rev Med Chil. 2010;138:1063–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Espinosa PS, Espinosa PH, Basantes AG, Velez RM, Echeverria GA, Mendiondo MS, Schmitt FA, Jicha GA, Kryscio RJ, Galvin JE, Smith CD. Validation study of the AD8 and CDR Spanish Versions for detecting dementia in Ecuador. J Kentucky Med Assoc. 2013;111:5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Espinosa PH, Espinosa PS, Garzon YR, Velez RM, Batallas EV, Basantes AG, Betancourt JN, Zurita GN, Aguilar AS, Salazar Uribe JC, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Mendiondo MS, Kryscio RJ, Galvin JE, Smith CD. Risk factors and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in Pichincha, Ecuador (The FARYPDEA Study). Rev Fac Cien Med (Quito). 2012;37:49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Correia CC, Lima F, Junqueira F, Campos MS, Bastos O, Petribú K, Laks J, Galvin JE. AD8-Brazil: cross-cultural validation of the ascertaining dementia interview in Portuguese. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;27:177–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yang YH, Galvin JE, Morris JC, Lai CL, Chou MC, Liu CK. Application of AD8 questionnaire to screen very mild dementia in Taiwanese. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011;26:134–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Li T, Wang HL, Yang YH, Galvin JE, Morris JC, Yu X. The reliability and validity of Chinese version of AD8. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2012;51:777–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Xie Y, Gao Y, Jia J, Wang X, Wang Z, Xie H. Utility of AD8 for cognitive impairment in a Chinese physical examination population: a preliminary study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:804871.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Ryu HJ, Kim HJ, Han SH. Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the AD8 informant interview (K-AD8) in dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23:371–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Meguro K, Kasai M, Nakamura K, Kurihara Project members. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the AD8. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2015;52:61–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yang YH, Hsu CL, Chou MC, Kasai M, Meguro K, Liu CK. Early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in Japan and Taiwan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16:797–803.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Carpenter CR, Bassett ER, Fischer GM, Shirshekan J, Galvin JE, Morris JC. Four sensitive screening tools to detect cognitive dysfunction in geriatric emergency department patients: brief Alzheimer’s Screen, Short Blessed Test, Ottawa 3DY, and the caregiver-completed AD8. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:374–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Dyer AH, Nabeel S, Briggs R, O’Neill D, Kennelly SP. Cognitive assessment of older adults at the acute care interface: the informant history. Postgrad Med J. 2016;92:255–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mansbach WE, Mace RA. A comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the AD8 and BCAT-SF in identifying dementia and mild cognitive impairment in long-term care residents. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2016;12:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Galvin JE. The quick dementia rating system (QDRS): a rapid dementia staging tool. Alzheimers Dement (DADM). 2015;1:249–59.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health R01 AG040211-A1 and 3R01 AG020211-03.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA

    James E. Galvin & Mary Goodyear

Authors
  1. James E. Galvin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary Goodyear
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James E. Galvin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK

    A. J. Larner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Galvin, J.E., Goodyear, M. (2017). Brief Informant Interviews to Screen for Dementia: The AD8 and Quick Dementia Rating System. In: Larner, A.J. (eds) Cognitive Screening Instruments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44774-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44775-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation