Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatric and Adult Patients pp 785–803Cite as

Postoperative Respiratory Management in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2281 Accesses

Abstract

There are a number of main anatomic and physiologic differences between adult and children regarding airway and ventilation. These changes are most significant during neonatal period up to 1 year of age. Major differences are as follows (Dickison 1987; Adewale 2009; Walker and Ellwood 2009; Baker and Parico 2010; Heinrich et al. 2012; Sunder et al. 2012; Harless et al. 2014).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adewale L. Anatomy and assessment of the pediatric airway. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19 Suppl 1:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadpour-Kacho M, Zahedpasha Y, Hadipoor A, Akbarian-Rad Z. Early surgical intervention for diaphragmatic paralysis in a neonate; report of a case and literature review. Iranian J Pediatr. 2011;21:116–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aktas S, Unal S, Aksu M, Ozcan E, Ergenekon E, Turkyilmaz C, Hirfanoglu I, Atalay Y. Nasal HFOV with binasal cannula appears effective and feasible in ELBW newborns. J Trop Pediatr. 2016;62:165–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Samri M, Mitchell I, Drummond DS, Bjornson C. Tracheostomy in children: a population-based experience over 17 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:487–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arikan AA, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Naipaul A, Jefferson LS, Loftis LL. Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13:253–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Artime CA, Hagberg CA. Tracheal extubation. Respir Care. 2014;59:991–1002; discussion 1002–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aziz E, Nathan B, McKeever J. Anesthetic and analgesic practices in Avicenna’s canon of medicine. Am J Chin Med. 2000;28:147–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri B, Razavi S, Gohari A, Salarian S, Dabbagh A. Toll-like receptor 4 in ventilator-induced lung injuries: mechanism of disease. J Cell Mol Anesth. 2016;1:34–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker S, Parico L. Pathologic paediatric conditions associated with a compromised airway. Int J Paediatr Dent/The Br Paedodont Soc [and] Int Assoc Dent Children. 2010;20:102–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancalari E, Claure N. The evidence for non-invasive ventilation in the preterm infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98:F98–F102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister BL, El-Khatib M, Smith PG, Blumer JL. Evaluation of predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;24:344–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beggs S, Wong ZH, Kaul S, Ogden KJ, Walters JA. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD009609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett TD, Spaeder MC, Matos RI, Watson RS, Typpo KV, Khemani RG, Crow S, Benneyworth BD, Thiagarajan RR, Dean JM, Markovitz BP. Existing data analysis in pediatric critical care research. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boeken U, Schurr P, Kurt M, Feindt P, Lichtenberg A. Early reintubation after cardiac operations: impact of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;58:398–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brashier DB, Khadka A, Anantharamu T, Sharma AK, Gupta AK, Sharma S, Dahiya N. Inhaled insulin: a “puff” than a “shot” before meals. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2015;6:126–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Camporota L, Barrett N. Current applications for the use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in critically ill patients. BioMed Res Int. 2016;2016:9781695.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cheifetz IM. Invasive and noninvasive pediatric mechanical ventilation. Respir Care. 2003;48:442–53; discussion 453–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Commare MC, Kurstjens SP, Barois A. Diaphragmatic paralysis in children: a review of 11 cases. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:187–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dabbagh A, Rajaei S. Halothane: is there still any place for using the gas as an anesthetic? Hepat Mon. 2011;11:511–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dabbagh A, Rajaei S, Golzari SE. History of anesthesia and pain in old Iranian texts. Anesth Pain Med. 2014;4, e15363.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton HJ, Macrae DJ. Extracorporeal support in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S111–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deniau B, Ricard JD, Messika J, Dreyfuss D, Gaudry S. Use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) in 239 intensive care units: results from a French national survey. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:624–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diblasi RM. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the respiratory care of the newborn infant. Respir Care. 2009;54:1209–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickison AE. The normal and abnormal pediatric upper airway. Recognition and management of obstruction. Clin Chest Med. 1987;8:583–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly MJ, Lacey PD, Maguire AJ. A twenty year (1971–1990) review of tracheostomies in a major paediatric hospital. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1996;35:1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drevhammar T, Nilsson K, Zetterstrom H, Jonsson B. Comparison of seven infant continuous positive airway pressure systems using simulated neonatal breathing. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13:e113–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duppen N, Etnel JR, Spaans L, Takken T, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Boersma E, Schokking M, Dulfer K, Utens EM, Helbing W, Hopman MT. Does exercise training improve cardiopulmonary fitness and daily physical activity in children and young adults with corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation? A randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170:606–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duyndam A, Ista E, Houmes RJ, van Driel B, Reiss I, Tibboel D. Invasive ventilation modes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Emeriaud G, Newth CJ. Monitoring of children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S86–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Essouri S, Carroll C. Noninvasive support and ventilation for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S102–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman JM. Optimal ventilation of the anesthetized pediatric patient. Anesth Analg. 2015;120:165–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fessler HE, Hager DN, Brower RG. Feasibility of very high-frequency ventilation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1043–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorito B, Checchia P. A review of mechanical ventilation strategies in children following the Fontan procedure. Im Paediatr Cardiol. 2002;4:4–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flori H, Dahmer MK, Sapru A, Quasney MW. Comorbidities and assessment of severity of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S41–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraga JC, Souza JC, Kruel J. Pediatric tracheostomy. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85:97–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes JS, Sivieri EM, Abbasi S. Factors influencing delivered mean airway pressure during nasal CPAP with the RAM cannula. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golzari SE, Khan ZH, Ghabili K, Hosseinzadeh H, Soleimanpour H, Azarfarin R, Mahmoodpoor A, Aslanabadi S, Ansarin K. Contributions of Medieval Islamic physicians to the history of tracheostomy. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1123–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta P, McDonald R, Goyal S, Gossett JM, Imamura M, Agarwal A, Butt W, Bhutta AT. Extubation failure in infants with shunt-dependent pulmonary blood flow and univentricular physiology. Cardiol Young. 2014;24:64–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta V, Ahsan F. Inhalational therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2010;27:313–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habashi NM, Borg UR, Reynolds HN. Low blood flow extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R): a review of the concept and a case report. Intensive Care Med. 1995a;21:594–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habashi NM, Reynolds HN, Borg U, Cowley RA. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ration ventilation and extra corporeal CO2 removal for ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995b;151:255–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin KA, Wong JP, Blanchard JD, Atkins HS. The potential of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin as a tularemia therapy. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2014;4:79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harless J, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM. Pediatric airway management. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science. 2014;4:65–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hassinger AB, Wald EL, Goodman DM. Early postoperative fluid overload precedes acute kidney injury and is associated with higher morbidity in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014;15:131–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich S, Birkholz T, Ihmsen H, Irouschek A, Ackermann A, Schmidt J. Incidence and predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in 11,219 pediatric anesthesia procedures. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22:729–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Smart D, De Paoli A, Clark R, Bhuta T. High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at or near term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009, CD002974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingelse SA, Wosten-van Asperen RM, Lemson J, Daams JG, Bem RA, van Woensel JB. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: fluid management in the PICU. Front Pediatr. 2016;4:21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer NP, Chatburn R. Evaluation of a nasal cannula in noninvasive ventilation using a lung simulator. Respir Care. 2015;60:508–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski PN, Forgiarini Jr LA, Andrade CF. Early respiratory therapy reduces postoperative atelectasis in children undergoing lung resection. Respir Care. 2013;58:805–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik M, Wojewodzka-Zelezniakowicz M, Cruz DN, Ferrer-Nadal A, Teixeira C, Iglesias E, Kim JC, Braschi A, Piccinni P, Ronco C. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal: the future of lung support lies in the history. Blood Purif. 2012;34:94–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khemani RG, Newth CJ. The design of future pediatric mechanical ventilation trials for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:1465–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khemani RG, Randolph A, Markovitz B. Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3:CD001000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani RG, Smith LS, Zimmerman JJ, Erickson S. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, incidence, and epidemiology: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S23–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer B, Botos-Kremer AI, Eckel HE, Schlondorff G. Indications, complications, and surgical techniques for pediatric tracheostomies – an update. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1556–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurachek SC, Newth CJ, Quasney MW, Rice T, Sachdeva RC, Patel NR, Takano J, Easterling L, Scanlon M, Musa N, Brilli RJ, Wells D, Park GS, Penfil S, Bysani KG, Nares MA, Lowrie L, Billow M, Chiochetti E, Lindgren B. Extubation failure in pediatric intensive care: a multiple-center study of risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:2657–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt M, Boeken U, Litmathe J, Feindt P, Gams E. Oxygenation failure after cardiac surgery: early re-intubation versus treatment by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). Monaldi Arch Chest Dis = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace/Fondazione clinica del lavoro, IRCCS [and] Istituto di clinica tisiologica e malattie apparato respiratorio Universita di Napoli, Secondo ateneo. 2008;70:71–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemyre B, Davis PG, De Paoli AG, Kirpalani H. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;9:CD003212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lofland GK. The enhancement of hemodynamic performance in Fontan circulation using pain free spontaneous ventilation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:114–8; discussion 118–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manley BJ, Owen LS, Doyle LW, Andersen CC, Cartwright DW, Pritchard MA, Donath SM, Davis PG. High-flow nasal cannulae in very preterm infants after extubation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1425–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mastropietro CW, Benneyworth BD, Turrentine M, Wallace AS, Hornik CP, Jacobs JP, Jacobs ML. Tracheostomy after operations for congenital heart disease: an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(6):2285–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield S, Jauncey-Cooke J, Hough JL, Schibler A, Gibbons K, Bogossian F. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for respiratory support in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD009850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milesi C, Boubal M, Jacquot A, Baleine J, Durand S, Odena MP, Cambonie G. High-flow nasal cannula: recommendations for daily practice in pediatrics. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4:29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morales DL, Carberry KE, Heinle JS, McKenzie ED, Fraser Jr CD, Diaz LK. Extubation in the operating room after Fontan’s procedure: effect on practice and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:576–81; discussion 581–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajan K, Bennett A, Agostini P, Naidu B. Is preoperative physiotherapy/pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial in lung resection patients? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;13:300–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newth CJ, Venkataraman S, Willson DF, Meert KL, Harrison R, Dean JM, Pollack M, Zimmerman J, Anand KJ, Carcillo JA, Nicholson CE. Weaning and extubation readiness in pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nzegwu NI, Mack T, DellaVentura R, Dunphy L, Koval N, Levit O, Bhandari V. Systematic use of the RAM nasal cannula in the Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a quality improvement project. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28:718–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Callaghan C. Targeting drug delivery to the lungs by inhalation. Mediators Inflamm. 1994;3:S31–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquina P, Tramer MR, Walder B. Prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy after cardiac surgery: systematic review. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 2003;327:1379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: consensus recommendations from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:428–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelosi P, Jaber S. Noninvasive respiratory support in the perioperative period. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:233–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petkar KC, Chavhan SS, Agatonovik-Kustrin S, Sawant KK. Nanostructured materials in drug and gene delivery: a review of the state of the art. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2011;28:101–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quasney MW, Lopez-Fernandez YM, Santschi M, Watson RS. The outcomes of children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S118–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph AG, Wypij D, Venkataraman ST, Hanson JH, Gedeit RG, Meert KL, Luckett PM, Forbes P, Lilley M, Thompson J, Cheifetz IM, Hibberd P, Wetzel R, Cox PN, Arnold JH. Effect of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols on respiratory outcomes in infants and children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2561–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi R, Sultana Y, Ali A, Aqil M. Particulate and vesicular drug carriers in the management of tuberculosis. Curr Drug Deliv. 2006;3:121–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimensberger PC, Cheifetz IM. Ventilatory support in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S51–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothaar RC, Epstein SK. Extubation failure: magnitude of the problem, impact on outcomes, and prevention. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9:59–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saikia B, Kumar N, Sreenivas V. Prediction of extubation failure in newborns, infants and children: brief report of a prospective (blinded) cohort study at a tertiary care paediatric centre in India. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:827.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sapru A, Flori H, Quasney MW, Dahmer MK. Pathobiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S6–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler MB. Prediction of ventilation weaning outcome: children are not little adults. Crit Care. 2005;9:651–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seguin J, Albright B, Vertullo L, Lai P, Dancea A, Bernier PL, Tchervenkov CI, Calaritis C, Drullinsky D, Gottesman R, Zappitelli M. Extent, risk factors, and outcome of fluid overload after pediatric heart surgery*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:2591–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinitsky L, Walls D, Nadel S, Inwald DP. Fluid overload at 48 hours is associated with respiratory morbidity but not mortality in a general PICU: retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:205–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squires AJ, Hyndman M. Prevention of nasal injuries secondary to NCPAP application in the ELBW infant. Neonatal Netw: NN. 2009;28:13–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stream AR, Bull TM. Experiences with treprostinil in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2012;6:269–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sunder RA, Haile DT, Farrell PT, Sharma A. Pediatric airway management: current practices and future directions. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22:1008–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamburro RF, Kneyber MC. Pulmonary specific ancillary treatment for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S61–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiagarajan RR, Bratton SL, Martin LD, Brogan TV, Taylor D. Predictors of successful extubation in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1562–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin MJ, Jubran A. Variable performance of weaning-predictor tests: role of Bayes’ theorem and spectrum and test-referral bias. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:2002–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tripp HF, Bolton JW. Phrenic nerve injury following cardiac surgery: a review. J Card Surg. 1998;13:218–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine SL, Nadkarni VM, Curley MA. Nonpulmonary treatments for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:S73–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villar J, Perez-Mendez L, Lopez J, Belda J, Blanco J, Saralegui I, Suarez-Sipmann F, Lopez J, Lubillo S, Kacmarek RM. An early PEEP/FIO2 trial identifies different degrees of lung injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:795–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker RW, Ellwood J. The management of difficult intubation in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19 Suppl 1:77–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wielenga JM, van den Hoogen A, van Zanten HA, Helder O, Bol B, Blackwood B. Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD011106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson D, Andersen C, O’Donnell CP, De Paoli AG, Manley BJ. High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD006405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions in anaesthetic practice. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1991;21:285–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wratney AT, Benjamin Jr DK, Slonim AD, He J, Hamel DS, Cheifetz IM. The endotracheal tube air leak test does not predict extubation outcome in critically ill pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9:490–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang KL, Tobin MJ. A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1445–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder BA, Stoddard RA, Li M, King J, Dirnberger DR, Abbasi S. Heated, humidified high-flow nasal cannula versus nasal CPAP for respiratory support in neonates. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1482–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarbock A, Mueller E, Netzer S, Gabriel A, Feindt P, Kindgen-Milles D. Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure following cardiac surgery protects from postoperative pulmonary complications: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 500 patients. Chest. 2009;135:1252–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiac Anesthesiology Department, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Dabbagh MD

Authors
  1. Ali Dabbagh MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Dabbagh MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiac Anesthesiology Department, Anesthesiology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Dabbagh

  2. Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Antonio Hernandez Conte

  3. Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Lorraine Lubin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dabbagh, A. (2017). Postoperative Respiratory Management in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients. In: Dabbagh, A., Conte, A., Lubin, L. (eds) Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatric and Adult Patients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44691-2_35

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44691-2_35

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44689-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44691-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation