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The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory pp 291–317Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

From Bucharest 1913 to Bucharest 2008: The Image of the Balkan Wars in Macedonian Historiography and Public Discourse

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Abstract

This chapter deals with the complex image of the Balkan Wars in Macedonian society. It examines the historiographic production of the wars in the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav context as well as the public discourse of the last decade. The Balkan Wars, interpreted through an ethnocentric prism, play an important role in shaping Macedonian national identity and public discourses. The narrative of the Balkan Wars is one of victimhood embodied in the intentions of the neighbors and the Great Powers to prevent Macedonian independence. From this perspective, no other event is considered as more tragic than the partition of Macedonia in 1913, in Bucharest; the last two terms have become symbols of cyclical national tragedy.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The lyrics are from the song “Pearl of the Balkans” (Biser balkanski), written by Jovan Pavlovski. The music was composed by Hilmi Bilbil. The song won the most popular and most influential Macedonian folk songs contest “Valandovo folk festival” in 1990. In this chapter, the transliteration of Macedonian Cyrillic letters to match Latin letters is according to the system adopted by the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1970, except in the case of “ѓ,” transliterated as “gj.”

  2. 2.

    The term Macedonians or Macedonian historiography in this chapter refers to the ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Macedonian historians. The ethnic Albanians and historians living in the Republic of Macedonia have different views and memories of the Balkan Wars.

  3. 3.

    For the Macedonian historiography see Irena Stefoska, “Nation, Education and Historiographic Narratives: The Case of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1944–1990),” in Ulf Brunnbauer and Hannes Grandits, eds., The Ambiguous Nation: Case Studies from Southeastern Europe in the 20th Century (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2013), 195–229; Ulf Brunnbauer, “History, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Macedonia,” in idem, ed., (Re)Writing History. Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism (Münster: Lit, 2004), 165–201; Ulf Brunnbauer, “Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia after Socialism,” Historien, vol. 4 (2003/04), 161–82.

  4. 4.

    Tchavdar Marinov, “Mémoire ou oubli des guerres balkaniques en république de Macédoine?” in Catherine Horel, ed., Les guerres balkaniques (1912–1913): Conflits, enjeux, mémoires (Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2014), 325–42.

  5. 5.

    Gjorgji Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni i Makedonija [The Balkan Wars and Macedonia] (Skopje: INI, 1958).

  6. 6.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 5.

  7. 7.

    Petar Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna (1912–1918) [Macedonia during the Balkan Wars and the First World War] (Skopje: INI, 1969).

  8. 8.

    Manol Pandevski, ed., Makedonija vo vojnite, 1912–1918: prilozi od naučniot sobir održan vo MANU na 16 i 17 noemvri 1988 [Macedonia during the Wars of 1912–1918: Proceedings of a Scientific Conference in the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts on 16 and 17 November 1988] (Skopje: MANU, 1991).

  9. 9.

    Petar Stojanov, “Makedonija vo vreme na Balkanskite vojni [Macedonia during the Time of the Balkan Wars], in Istorija na Makedonskiot narod [History of the Macedonian People], vol. 2: Od početokot na 19 vek do krajot na Prvata svetska vojna [From the Beginning of the 19th Century to the End of the First World War], ed. Dančo Zografski i Ljuben Lape (Skopje: INI, 1969), 355–81.

  10. 10.

    Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna, 228.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., 232.

  12. 12.

    Stojanov, Makedonija vo politikata na golemite sili vo vremeto na Balkanskite vojni 1912–1913 [Macedonia in the Politics of the Great Powers during the Time of the Balkan Wars 1912–1913] (Skopje: INI, 1979).

  13. 13.

    Todor Simovski, “Balkanskite vojni i nivnite reperkusii vrz etničkata položba na Egejska Makedonija” [The Balkan Wars and Their Repercussions concerning the Ethnic Situation of Aegean Macedonia], in Glasnik na INI, vol. 16, no. 3 (1972), 61–75; Gligor Todorovski, “Selskoto stopanstvo vo Vardarska Makedonija po Balkanskite vojni (1912–1915)” [The Rural Economy in Vardar Macedonia after the Balkan Wars (1912–1915)], Glasnik na INI, vol. 21, no. 1 (1977), 135–63; Petar Stojanov, “Nekolku sovremeni i podocnežni gledišta i ocenki za Prvata Balkanska vojna 1912–1913” [Some Contemporary and Recent Views on the First Balkan War 1912–1913], Glasnik na INI, vol. 26, nos. 2–3 (1982), 19–28; Manol Pandevski, “Makedonski istoriski megjnici vo srednovekovnoto i ponovo doba: mestotot na godinite 1371, 1878 i 1912” [The Macedonian Historical Milestones in the Middle Ages and the New Era: The Place of the Years 1371, 1878 and 1912], Glasnik na INI, vol. 31, no. 3 (1987), 137–58; Manol Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni i nivnoto mesto vo makedonskiot nacionalen razvitok” [The Balkan Wars and their Place in the Macedonian National Development], Prilozi MANU, vol. 18, nos. 1–2 (1987), 45–59; Kočo Sidovski, “Stavot na Italija kon Vtorata balkanska vojna” [Italy’s Position Towards the Second Balkan War], Glasnik na INI, vol. 32, no. 2 (1988), 71–85.

  14. 14.

    Jovan Donev, Golemite sili i Makedonija za vreme na Prvata balkanska vojna: nekoi megjunarodni političko-pravni aspekti na odnosot na golemite sili kon Makedonija za vreme na Prvata balkanska vojna [The Great Powers and Macedonia during the First Balkan War: Certain International Political and Legal Aspects of the Great Powers’ Attitude towards Macedonia during the First Balkan War] (Skopje: INI, 1988).

  15. 15.

    Brunnbauer, Historiography, Myths and the Nation, 165–201.

  16. 16.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 170–71; Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna, 231–32; Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 54, 58; Simovski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 74.

  17. 17.

    Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 50.

  18. 18.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 163, 170; Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna, 179, 183–92, 230–32; Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 45–58; Simovski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 68–74.

  19. 19.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 163–64.

  20. 20.

    Chiara Bottici, A Philosophy of Political Myth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 14.

  21. 21.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 12–63; Stojanov, Makedonija vo politikite, 10–14.

  22. 22.

    Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 50–51.

  23. 23.

    Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 58.

  24. 24.

    Stojanov, Makedonija vo politikata, 186; cf. Donev, Golemite sili, 138.

  25. 25.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 115–51; Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna, 65; Stojanov, “Makedonija vo vremeto,” 364.

  26. 26.

    Stojanov, “Makedonija vo vremeto,” 364, 369.

  27. 27.

    Marinov, “Mémoire ou oubli,” 326–32.

  28. 28.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 117–18; Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna, 67–71; Stojanov, “Makedonija vo vremeto,” 364–65.

  29. 29.

    The term “vrhovisti” is derived from the Sofia-based Macedonian Supreme Committee defined by Macedonian historians as a pro-Bulgarian organization. The term was initially used to denote the members of this Committee, and later it was assigned to all the pro-Bulgarian activists of VMORO.

  30. 30.

    Abadžiev, Balkanskite vojni, 115–62; Stojanov, Makedonija vo vremeto na Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna, 117–30.

  31. 31.

    Vanče Stojčev, Voena istorija na Makedonija [The Military History of Macedonia], (Skopje: Voena akademija—General Mihailo Apostolski, 2000); Ivan Katardžiev, ed., Istorija na makedonskiot narod: Makedonija megju Balkanskite i Vtorata svetska vojna (1912–1941) [The History of the Macedonian People: Macedonia in-between the Balkan Wars and the Second World War], vol. 4 (Skopje: INI, 2000).

  32. 32.

    Pandevski, “Balkanskite vojni,” 50.

  33. 33.

    Gligor Todorovski, Makedonija po rasparčuvanjeto 1912/13–1915: Opštestveno-politički, ekonomski i prosvetni priliki vo Vardarskiot del na Makedonija [Macedonia after the Partition in 1912/13–1915: Sociopolitical, Economical and Educational Conditions in Vardar Macedonia] (Skopje: Matica makedonska, 1995), 7; Katardžiev, Istorija na makedonskiot narod; Lidija Gjurkovska, “Ekonomskite posledici od Balkanskite i Prvata svetska vojna vo industrijata vo Vardarskiot del na Makedonija” [The Economic Consequences of the Balkan Wars and the First World War in Industry in Vardar Macedonia], in Dragi Gjorgiev et al., eds., Balkanot: lugje, vojni i mir [The Balkans: People, Wars, and Peace], (Skopje: INI, 2015), 221.

  34. 34.

    Todorovski, Makedonija po rasparčuvanjeto, 9.

  35. 35.

    Katardžiev, Istorija na makedonskiot narod, 11.

  36. 36.

    Dragi Gjorgiev, ed., Ohridsko–debarskoto septemvrisko vostanie od 1913 godina/Kryengitja e Shtatorit në Ohër e Dibër e Vitit 1913 [The Ohrid–Debar Uprising in September 1913] (Skopje: INI, 2014).

  37. 37.

    Stojanov, Makedonija vo balkanskite, 193–99.

  38. 38.

    Vančo Stojčev and Aleksandar Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor i podelbata na Makedonija vo 1913 godina [The Bucharest Peace Agreement and the Partition of Macedonia in 1913] (Skopje: INI, 2013).

  39. 39.

    Vlado Kambovski, ed., 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni: prilozi od naučniot sobir održan na 3–4 dekemvri 2012 godina [100 Years from the Balkan Wars: Proceedings of the Scientific Conference on 3–4 December 2012] (MANU, 2013); Vlado Kambovski, ed., Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, Makedonija i Balkanot: megjunaroden naučen sobir po povod 100 godišninata od potpišuvanjeto na Bukureškiot miroven dogovor održan na 31 oktomvri i 1 noemvri 2013 godina [The Bucharest Peace Agreement, Macedonia and the Balkans: An International Scientific Conference in the Name of 100 Years from the Signing of the Bucharest Peace Agreement: Proceedings of a Scientific Conference on 31 October and 1 November 2013] (Skopje, MANU, 2014).

  40. 40.

    Gjorgiev et al., Balkanot: lugje, vojni i mir.

  41. 41.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, xix.

  42. 42.

    Ivan Katardžiev, “Motivite za objavuvanje na Balkanskata vojna vo 1912 godina i odbeležuvanjeto na nejzinata stogodišnina vo 2012 godina” [The Motives for Declaring the Balkan War in 1912 and the Commemoration of its Centennial in 2012], in 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni, 92.

  43. 43.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 346.

  44. 44.

    Katardžiev, “Motivite za objavuvanje,” 87–106.

  45. 45.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, xx.

  46. 46.

    Blaže Ristovski, “Makedonskiot faktor pred i vo vremeto na Balkanskite vojni” [The Macedonian Factor before and during the Balkan Wars], in 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni, 27; Vlado Popovski, “Porazot na idejata za Makedonija vo Balkanskite vojni—pričini i faktori” [The Defeat of the Idea for Macedonia in the Balkan Wars—Reasons and Factors], in 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni, 77; Aleksandar Trajanovski, “Učestvoto na makedonskite dobrovolci vo bugarskata armija vo Balkanskite vojni (1912–1913)” [The Participation of Macedonian Volunteers in the Bulgarian Army in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)], in 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni, 147–69.

  47. 47.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 346; Katardžiev, “Motivite,” 100; Biljana Popovska and Ivanka Dodovska, “Makedonija sto godini po završuvanjeto na Balkanskite vojni [Macedonia, One Hundred Years After the End of the Balkan Wars],” in 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni, 212; Marija Pandevska and Makedonka Mitrova, “Balkanskite vojni i aktuelnite sostojbi na Balkanot [The Balkan Wars and the Contemporary Balkans],” Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et Studia 20 (Poznan: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Historii UAM, 2013), 105–116.

  48. 48.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 346, 347.

  49. 49.

    Stefan Vlahov Micov, “Sto godini po Bukureškiot mir. Povtoruvanje na istorijata” [One Hundred Years after the Bucharest Peace], in Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 161–65.

  50. 50.

    Ristovski, “Makedonskiot faktor,” 42–43; Popovski, “Porazot na idejata,” 83–85.

  51. 51.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 31–53; Zoran Todorovski et al., Sozdavanjeto na sovremenata makedonska država [The Creation of the Macedonian Contemporary State] (Skopje: Makedonska reč, 2014), 79–89; Zoran Todorovski, “Povedenieto na makedonskite revolucioneri i intelektualni sili za vreme na Balkanskite vojni” [The Behaviour of the Macedonian Revolutionaries and Intelectual Forces during the Balkan Wars], in Gjorgiev et al., Balkanot: lugje, vojni i mir, 169–83; Trajanovski, “Učestvoto na makedonskite dobrovolci,” 147–69; Aleksandar Stojčev, “Voenite dejstva na vooruženite formacii na Makedonskiot narod vo Balkanskite vojni (1912–1913)” [The Military Activities of the Armed Formations of the Macedonian People in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)], in 100 godini od Balkanskite vojni, 171–93.

  52. 52.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 31–44.

  53. 53.

    Todorovski, “Povedenieto na makedonskite,” 169–83.

  54. 54.

    Stojčev and Stojčev, Bukureškiot miroven dogovor, 77–84; Todorovski et al., Sozdavanjeto, 82–83.

  55. 55.

    Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska, “Trkalezna masa—Makedonija niz istoriskite presvrtnici 1878–1913–2001” [Round Table—Macedonia through the Historical Milestones 1878–1913–2001], in Gjorgiev et al., Balkanot: lugje, vojni i mir, 635.

  56. 56.

    Erol Rizaov, “Po sto godini, Makedonija povtorno vo Bukurešt” [After Hundred Years, Macedonia again in Bucharest], Utrinski vesnik, 27 March 2008, 18; Vladimir Tulevski, “Bukurešt 1913–2008” [Bucharest 1913–2008], Večer, 7 March 2008, 15.

  57. 57.

    “Bukurešt po vtor pat istoriski za Makedonija,” Vest, 1 April 2008, 2.

  58. 58.

    Nikola Gruevski, “Nepravdata od Bukurešt ne treba da ne demotivira” [The Injustice from Bucharest Should Not Demotivate Us], Telegraf, 27 July 2013, http://www.telegraf.mk/ns-newsarticle-18921-gruevski-nepravdata-od-bukurest-ne-treba-da-ne-demotivira.nspx, accessed 11 July 2016.

  59. 59.

    “Prvata balkanska vojna beše za podelba na Makedonija” [The First Balkan War Was for the Partition of Macedonia], Nova Makedonija, 19 October 2012, 7; “100 godini Bukureški miroven dogovor—prokletstvoto na palatata vo koja e podelena Makedonija,” http://mkd-news.com/100-god-bukureshki-dogovor-prokletstvoto-na-palatata-vo-koja-e-podelena-makedonija/, accessed 11 July 2016.

  60. 60.

    “Feljton za Balkanskite vojni: Sto godini podocna” [Feuilleton for the Balkan Wars: One Hundred Years Later], Macedonian Information Agency, http://www.mia.mk/mk/Inside/RenderSingleNews/277/132131177, accessed 11 July 2016.

  61. 61.

    “Makedonija beše najgolema žrtva na Balkanskite vojni” [Macedonia Was the Biggest Victim of the Balkan Wars],” http://a1on.mk/wordpress/archives/68469; “Makedonija ušte gi trpi posledicite od Bukureškiot dogovor” [Macedonia Still Suffers from the Consequences of the Bucharest Treaty], http://kanal5.com.mk/vesti_detail.asp?ID=10936 and http://24vesti.mk/makedonija-ushte-gi-trpi-posledicite-od-bukureshkiot-dogovor-smetaat-istoricharite; “Profesorot Minovski tvrdi: Sardisani sme od site strani” [Professor Minovski Claims: We’re Besieged from all Sides”], Republika, http://republika.mk/?p=95831; “Debata za Balkanskite vojni—togaš i sega rešavaat golemite sili” [The Debate about the Balkan Wars—Today as Then, the Great Powers decide], http://republika.mk/?p=118678, all accessed 11 July 2016.

  62. 62.

    Ristovska-Josifovska, “Trkalezna masa,” 635.

  63. 63.

    “Blaže Ristovski: Problemite so imeto počnuvaat so Bukureškiot dogovor” [Blaže Ristovski: The Problems with the Name Begin with the Bucharest Treaty], http://www.plusinfo.mk/vest/96999/Blazhe-Ristovski-Problemite-so-imeto-pochnuvaat-so-Bukureshkiot-dogovor, accessed 1 July 2016.

  64. 64.

    The producer of the documentary is Boris Damovski and the scenario was written by the military historian Aleksandar Stojčev.

  65. 65.

    “Voeniot istoričar Vanče Stojčev predupreduva—Bukureškiot dogovor ne e validen” [Military Historian Vanče Stojčev is Warning—The Bucharest Treaty Is Not Valid], Dnevnik, 4 March 2008, 5.

  66. 66.

    “TMRO: Pokrenuvanje na makedonskoto prašanje pred ON i revizija na Bukureškiot dogovor” [TMRO: The Macedonian Question to Be Raised in UN and to Revise the Bucharest Treaty], http://24vesti.mk/tmro-pokrenuvanje-na-makedonskoto-prashanje-pred-i-revizija-na-bukureshkiot-dogovor, accessed 11 July 2016.

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  1. Institute of National History, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

    Petar Todorov

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  1. Institute for East and Southeast European Studies, Regensburg, Germany

    Katrin Boeckh

  2. Institute for East and Southeast European Studies, Regensburg, Germany

    Sabine Rutar

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Todorov, P. (2016). From Bucharest 1913 to Bucharest 2008: The Image of the Balkan Wars in Macedonian Historiography and Public Discourse. In: Boeckh, K., Rutar, S. (eds) The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44642-4_13

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