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The Fire: Bullying and Violence by Adults at Work

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Bullying and Violence in South Korea
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Abstract

The ‘fire’ metaphor used for the title of this chapter can be understood as the way fire ‘spreads’ to other areas, and so here I move beyond the realms of history, violence in schools, and consumer culture to show how bullying and violence ‘engulfs’ all parts of South Korean society (i.e., it exists throughout the social structure and social relations because it is embedded within culture). In a general way, I follow a ‘developmental life-cycle’ approach, beginning with abuse of young children at day-care centres by violent (female) day-care workers, then move on to bullying, violent, abusive, and corrupt conduct by teachers and professors. Violence in the military is then analysed before turning attention to bullying in the workplace and certain bullying tactics employed by South Korea’s most powerful companies. The chapter ends with cases of vulnerable and ‘weak’ employees being exploited, which include the disabled and elderly security guards.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Young, Jock. 1999. The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications (p. 81). (Young 1999)

  2. 2.

    Ibid (p. 81). (Young 1999)

  3. 3.

    Yonhap. 2013. ‘Day-care teachers in Busan abuse children’, Yonhap News, November 19. Retrieved November 23 from http://m.media.daum.net/m/media/society/newsview/20131119215205210 (Yonhap 2013)

  4. 4.

    CCTV footage of the abuse at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xbOUTYKMVw

  5. 5.

    Kim, Jeong-ho. 2013. ‘Day care center teacher exposed for child abuse’ (아동 상습 폭행한 어린이집 교사 적발), YTN, November 13. Retrieved November 17 from http://m.media.daum.net/m/media/society/newsview/20131120155106650 (Kim 2013)

  6. 6.

    Jeong Min-kyu. 2013. ‘Director and teacher suspended for abusing an infant at Busan child day care center’ (부산 영아 학대 어린이집 원장·교사 집행유예), Ohmy News, December 24. Retrieved December 29 from http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001941011&PAGE_CD=N0001&CMPT_CD=M0019 (Jeong Min-kyu. 2013)

  7. 7.

    Kim, T. H. 2014. ‘Kindergarten teacher “forced toddlers to hit each other”,’ The Korea Times, July 29. Retrieved July 29 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/07/511_161927.html (Kim 2014)

  8. 8.

    2015. ‘Rebellious ex-baseballer in tears over past,’ The Korea Times, August 21. Retrieved August 24 from http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/08/135_185307.html (‘Rebellious ex-baseballer…’ 2015)

  9. 9.

    Kim Hak-hee. 2013. ‘Physical and verbal abuse. Desperate need to monitor day care centers’ (폭력에막말까지…어린이집 모니터링 시급), SBS News, April 3. Retrieved April 6 from http://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1001717028&plink=OLDURL (Kim Hak-hee 2013)

  10. 10.

    Pakman. 2015. ‘Daycare center teacher charged with child abuse after throwing a 2-year-old to the ground repeatedly,’ allkpop, January 8. Retrieved January 9 from http://www.allkpop.com/buzz/2015/01/daycare-center-teacher-charged-with-child-abuse-after-throwing-a-2-year-old-to-the-ground-repeatedly (Pakman 2015)

  11. 11.

    Kim Rahn. 2015. ‘“Monster nanny” angers moms,’ The Korea Times, January 15. Retrieved January 16 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_171788.html (Kim Rahn 2015)

  12. 12.

    Jung Min-ho. 2015. ‘Daycare center staffer arrested over child abuse,’ The Korea Times, January 18. Retrieved January 18 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_171919.html (Jung Min-ho 2015)

  13. 13.

    Kim Rahn. 2015. ‘“Monster nanny” angers moms ’, The Korea Times, January 15. (Kim Rahn 2015)

  14. 14.

    Kim Se-jeong. 2015. ‘Rules on daycare center will be toughened’, The Korea Times, January 16. Retrieved January 17 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_171872.html (Kim Se-jeong 2015

  15. 15.

    Lee Sung-eun. 2015. ‘Teacher’s smack outrages nation’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 16. Retrieved January 16 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999737&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Ctop (Lee Sung-eun 2015)

  16. 16.

    Kang Jin-kyu. 2015. ‘Teacher accused of earlier abuses’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 17. Retrieved January 17 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999767&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Ctop (Kang Jin-kyu 2015)

  17. 17.

    Jung Min-ho. 2015. ‘Daycare center staffer arrested over child abuse ’, The Korea Times, January 18. (Jung Min-ho 2015)

  18. 18.

    Radio Free Asia. 2007. ‘North Korean defectors face huge challenges’, World Corporal Punishment Research, March 21. Retrieved January 12, 2015, from http://www.corpun.com/krs00703.htm#19022 (Radio Free Asia 2007)

  19. 19.

    Farrell, Colin. 2012. ‘South Korea: Corporal punishment in schools,’ World Corporal Punishment Research. Retrieved January 12, 2015, from http://www.corpun.com/counkrs.htm

  20. 20.

    2003. ‘7 in 10 schools allow corporal punishment,’ The Korea Times, September 14. Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http://www.corpun.com/krs00309.htm#11994 (‘7 in 10 schools…’ 2003)

  21. 21.

    Jung, Min-ho. 2015. ‘Spanking your children will be illegal,’ The Korea Times, September 7. Retrieved September 9 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/09/116_186365.html (Jung, Min-ho 2015)

  22. 22.

    Opinion. 2010. ‘Ban on corporal punishment’, The Korea Times, November 2. Retrieved January 12, 2015, from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/01/202_75641.html (Opinion 2010)

  23. 23.

    Kim Se-jeong. 2015. ‘Rules on daycare center will be toughened’, The Korea Times, January 16. (Kim Se-jeong. 2015)

  24. 24.

    Lee Sung-eun and Chun In-sung. 2015. ‘Ministry to urge colleges to assess student integrity’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 23. Retrieved January 24 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3000013&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Lee Sung-eun and Chun In-sung. 2015)

  25. 25.

    Kim Se-jeong. 2015. ‘Rules on daycare center will be toughened,’ The Korea Times, January 16. (Kim Se-jeong 2015)

  26. 26.

    Lee Sung-eun and Chun, In-sung. 2015. ‘Ministry to urge colleges to assess student integrity’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 23. (Lee Sung-eun and Chun 2015)

  27. 27.

    Kim Se-jeong. 2015. ‘Rules on daycare center will be toughened’, The Korea Times, January 16. (Kim Se-jeong. 2015)

  28. 28.

    Bandura, Albert. 1999. ‘Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities’, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3 (3), pp. 193–209. (Bandura 1999)

  29. 29.

    Kim Se-jeong. 2015. ‘Reported child abuse cases jump by 30 percent ’, The Korea Times, January 25. Retrieved January 26 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_172371.html (Kim Se-jeong 2015)

  30. 30.

    Kim, Bong-Moon and Choi Mo-ran. 2015. ‘Authorities see flood of child abuse complaints’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 22. Retrieved January 23 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999971&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Kim and Choi Mo-ran 2015)

  31. 31.

    Kim, Bong-moon and Choi Mo-ran. 2015. ‘Private kindergarten teacher suspected of abuse’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 21. Retrieved January 22 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/rticle.aspx?aid=2999912&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist2 (Kim and Choi Mo-ran 2015)

  32. 32.

    Kim Bong-moon. 2015. ‘Authorities looking into second abuse complaint’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 19. Retrieved January 20 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999814&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Kim Bong-moon 2015)

  33. 33.

    Kim Bong-moon and Choi Mo-ran. 2015. ‘Private kindergarten teacher suspected of abuse’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 21.(Kim Bong-moon and Choi Mo-ran 2015)

  34. 34.

    Lee, M. H. 2015. ‘Alleged child abuse case erupts in Ulsan’, The Korea Times, January 20. Retrieved January 22 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/511_172097.html (Lee 2015)

  35. 35.

    Kim Bong-Moon and Choi Mo-ran. 2015. ‘Authorities see flood of child abuse complaints’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 22. (Kim Bong-Moon and Choi Mo-ran 2015)

  36. 36.

    Kim, Tong-hyung. 2014. ‘Hazing deaths disturbingly unsurprising’, The Korea Times, August 7. Retrieved August 8 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/08/164_162400.html (Kim 2014)

  37. 37.

    Kim, Tong-hyung. 2014. ‘’Psycho’ teacher tortures student over homework’, The Korea Times, June 25. Retrieved June 26 from http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/06/116_159798.html (Kim 2014)

  38. 38.

    2015. ‘The tears of parents…“Remove the teacher who made the one-day wang-tta system”’ (학부모들의 눈물…“1일 왕따제 교사 전출을”), News1, July 9. Retrieved July 10 from http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=421&aid=0001516907&sid1=001 (‘The tears of parents…’ 2015)

  39. 39.

    Lee Su-hyun. 2015. ‘The controversy of an elementary school teacher who made student ‘wang-tta ’for not doing homework’ (숙제 안 했다" 초등교사가 제자에게 ’왕따’ 지시 논란), MBC News, July 8. Retrieved July 10 from http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=214&aid=0000515048&sid1=001 (Lee Su-hyun 2015)

  40. 40.

    Jang, Jye-Hyeok. 2015. ‘“Going to school is hell”, The controversy of an elementary school teacher’s ‘One-Day 왕따’ system’ (“학교가는게 지옥” 초등교사가 ’1일 왕따’ 제도 논란), NEWSIS, July 7. Retrieved July 10 from http://newsnaver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=003&aid=0006623682&sid1=001. (Jang, Jye-Hyeok 2015)

  41. 41.

    2014. ‘Sexual abuses on campuses’, The Korea Times, November 30. Retrieved December 2 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/12/202_169041.html (‘Sexual abuses…’ 2014)

  42. 42.

    Kang, Young-su. 2016. ‘Visiting professor at Seoul National University indicted after attempting to rape at graduate student following an after-work gathering’ [회식 후 대학원생 성폭행하려던 서울대 초청교수 구속기소], The Chosun Daily, April 22. Retrieved April 26 from http://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=023&aid=0003167130 (Kang, Young-su 2016)

  43. 43.

    2014. ‘Sexual abuses on campuses’, The Korea Times, November 30. (‘Sexual abuses…’ 2014)

  44. 44.

    Lee Hyun-jeong. 2015. ‘Professor accused of sexually abusing student,’ The Korea Herald, February 16. Retrieved February 17 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150216001046 (Lee Hyun-jeong 2015)

  45. 45.

    Kim Se-jeong. 2015. ‘Duksung Women’s University professor under sexual harassment probe’, The Korea Times, February 16. Retrieved February 17 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/02/116_173742.html (Kim Se-jeong 2015)

  46. 46.

    Choi Woo-ri and Jin Myeong-seon. 2014. ‘Growing number of sex crimes by South Korea’s “power elite”’, The Hankyoreh, November 13. Retrieved January 26, 2015, from http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/664325.html (Choi Woo-ri and Jin Myeong-seon 2014)

  47. 47.

    Ibid. (Choi Woo-ri and Jin Myeong-seon 2014)

  48. 48.

    Ibid. (Choi Woo-ri and Jin Myeong-seon 2014)

  49. 49.

    Lee Kyung-min. 2015. ‘Sex offenders abuse positions of power’, The Korea Times, August 10. Retrieved August 11 from http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_newsidx=184562 (Lee Kyung-min 2015)

  50. 50.

    Kim, Bong-moon and Lim, Myoung-soo. 2015. ‘New details come to light in high school assault investigation’, Korea Joongang Daily, August 4. Retrieved August 4 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3007445&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Kim and Lim 2015)

  51. 51.

    Lee Kyung-min. 2015. ‘Sex offenders abuse positions of power’, The Korea Times, August 10. (Lee Kyung-min 2015)

  52. 52.

    Chung Ah-young. 2015. ‘Students vulnerable to sexual abuse’, The Korea Times, August 4. Retrieved August 5 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_184178.html (Chung Ah-young 2015)

  53. 53.

    Noh, Jin-ho and Baek, Min-kyung. 2015. ‘Penalty system kept students from coming forward’, Korea Joongang Daily, August 5. Retrieved august 5 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3007499&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Noh and Baek 2015)

  54. 54.

    Chung Ah-young. 2015. ‘Students vulnerable to sexual abuse’, The Korea Times, August 4. (Chung Ah-young 2015)

  55. 55.

    Ibid. (Chung Ah-young 2015)

  56. 56.

    Yoon Min-sik. 2015. ‘Sex crimes at schools left unchecked’, The Korea Herald, August 9. Retrieved August 10 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150809000393 (Yoon Min-sik 2015)

  57. 57.

    Lee Kyung-min. 2015. ‘Online hotline may be available for sexually abused students’, The Korea Times, August 5. Retrieved August 6 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_184287.html (Lee Kyung-min 2015)

  58. 58.

    Yoon Min-sik. 2015. ‘Sex crimes at schools left unchecked’, The Korea Herald, August 9. (Yoon Min-sik 2015)

  59. 59.

    Lee, Kyung-min. 2015. ‘Teachers face dismissal over sexual abuse claims,’ The Korea Times, August 31. Retrieved September 1 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/09/116_185913.html (Lee 2015)

  60. 60.

    Kim, Bong-moon. 2015. ‘Seoul education office takes action’, Korea Joongang Daily, August 7. Retrieved august 7 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3007605&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist2 (Kim 2015)

  61. 61.

    Yoon Min-sik. 2015. ‘Sex crimes at schools left unchecked’, The Korea Herald, August 9. (Yoon 2015)

  62. 62.

    Kim, Bong-moon and Noh, Jin-ho. 2015. ‘Inspector allegedly drunk, abusive’, Korea Joongang Daily, August 13. Retrieved August 13 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3007843&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Kim and Noh 2015)

  63. 63.

    Kim, Jongyoung. 2011. ‘Aspiration for global cultural capital in the stratified realm of global higher education: why do Korean students go to US graduate schools?’ British Journal of Sociology of Education, 32 (1). (Kim 2011)

  64. 64.

    Fisher, H.L., Moffitt., T.E, Houts, R. M., Belsky, D.W., Arseneault., L. and Caspi, A. 2012. ‘Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: longitudinal cohort study’, British Medical Journal, 344, e2683. (Fisher et al. 2012)

  65. 65.

    2015. ‘Slapping and exposure to gas’ (그것이 알고싶다, 997소 ‘쓰싸와 가스), I want to know, episode 997. SBS TV Program, August 8. Retrieved August 14 from http://www.ajunews.com/view/20150816133335721 (‘Slapping and exposure…’ 2015)

  66. 66.

    Kim Hyung-jin. 2015. ‘S. Korean police say professor fed former student feces ’, Associated Press, July 14. Retrieved July 23 from http://bigstory.ap.org/article/d5d43593e60a4cb99fd12e9722e0a802/s-korean-police-say-professor-fed-former-student-feces (Kim Hyung-jin 2015)

  67. 67.

    2015. ‘Professor forced student to eat human waste: police’, The Korea Times, July 14. Retrieved July 15 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/07/113_182720.html (‘Professor forced student…’ 2015)

  68. 68.

    Jung Min-ho. 2015. ‘Professor arrested for ’torturing’ student’, The Korea Times, July 14. Retrieved July 15 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/07/116_182751.html (Jung Min-ho 2015)

  69. 69.

    Kim, Rahn. 2015. ‘Abusive ex-professor gets 12 years in prison,’ The Korea Times, November 26. Retrieved November 27 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/11/116_191846.html (Kim 2015)

  70. 70.

    Kang Jin-kyu. 2014. ‘In suicide note, troubled soldier expressed regret’, Korea JoongAng Daily, June 25. Retrieved June 26 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2991116&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1 (Kang Jin-kyu 2014)

  71. 71.

    Oliver, James. 1995. Juvenile Violence in a Winner-Loser Culture: Socio-economic and Familial Origins of the Rise of Violence Against the Person. London; New York: Free Association Books (p. 77). (Oliver 1995)

  72. 72.

    Kang Jin-kyu and Yoo Seong-woon. 2014. ‘Shooter in rampage felt ignored by lower ranks’, Korea Joongang Daily, June 27. Retrieved June 28 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2991237&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Ctop (Kang Jin-kyu and Yoo Seong-woon 2014)

  73. 73.

    Olewus, Dan. 1993. Bullying at School: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. (Olewus 1993)

  74. 74.

    Jun Ji-hye. 2014. ‘Shooting suspect claims officer beat him’, The Korea Times, July 1. Retrieved July 1 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/07/205_160136.html (Jun Ji-hye 2014)

  75. 75.

    Kang Jin-kyu. 2014. ‘In suicide note, troubled soldier expressed regret’, Korea JoongAng Daily, June 25. (Kang Jin-kyu 2014)

  76. 76.

    Jun, Ji-hye. 2015. ‘Army sergeant sentenced to death for shooting spree’, The Korea Times, February 3. Retrieved February 4 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/02/116_172960.html (Jun 2015)

  77. 77.

    The interview appeared on the 2013 documentary ‘School Violence’ (EBS) mentioned in Chapter 1.

  78. 78.

    Song Sang-ho. 2014. ‘Military culture under fire’, The Korea Herald, June 24. Retrieved June 25 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140624000935 (Song Sang-ho 2014)

  79. 79.

    Lee Ji-hye. 2015. ‘Indie filmmaker rejects mandatory military service ’, The Korea Times, January 26. Retrieved January 27 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_172462.html (Lee Ji-hye 2015)

  80. 80.

    Song Sang-ho. 2014. ‘Military culture under fire’, The Korea Herald, June 24. (Song Sang-ho 2014)

  81. 81.

    Beck, Ulrich and Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth. 2002. Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage (p. xxii). (Beck and Beck-Gernsheim 2002)

  82. 82.

    Carla Sun-woo. 2014. ‘Koreans turn to netizens, not docs, for counsel’, Korea Joongang Daily, January 6. Retrieved January 6 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2983016 (Carla Sun-woo 2014)

  83. 83.

    Opinion. 2014. ‘Shooting rampage’, The Korea Times, June 22. Retrieved June 23 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/06/202_159565.html (Opinion 2014)

  84. 84.

    Song Sang-ho. 2014. ‘Military culture under fire’, The Korea Herald, June 24. (Song Sang-ho 2014)

  85. 85.

    Jun Ji-hye. 2014. ‘Two privates kill themselves at Army barracks’, The Korea Times, July 28. Retrieved July 28 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/07/116_161825.html (Jun Ji-hye 2014)

  86. 86.

    The following analysis comes from: James Turnbull. 2010. ‘Sex as Power in the South Korean Military’, The Grand Narrative, March 31. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from http://thegrandnarrative.com/2010/03/31/sexual-violence-korean-military/ (Turnbull 2010)

  87. 87.

    Kwon, Insook et al. 2007. ‘Sexual violence among men in the military in South Korea’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22 (8), p. 1029. (Kwon et al. 2007)

  88. 88.

    Ibid (p. 1029). (Kwon et al. 2007)

  89. 89.

    Ibid (p. 1036–37). (Kwon et al. 2007)

  90. 90.

    The Korean. 2009. ‘Military service series: Part II—Life in the Korean military’, Ask A Korean, April 3. Retrieved January 22, 2015, from http://askakorean.blogspot.co.nz/2009/04/military-service-series-part-ii-life-in.html (The Korean. 2009).

  91. 91.

    Kwon, Insook et al. 2007. ‘Sexual violence among men in the military in South Korea’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 22 (8), p. 1033. (Kwon et al. 2007)

  92. 92.

    Ibid (pp. 1035–36). (Kwon et al. 2007)

  93. 93.

    Kang Seung-woo. 2014. ‘Drunken Navy captain sacked for sexual assault’, The Korea Times, July 18. Retrieved July 19 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/07/116_161276.html (Kang Seung-woo 2014)

  94. 94.

    Kang Seung-woo. 2015. ‘No double handshake for soldiers of opposite sexes’, The Korea Times, January 29. Retrieved January 29 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_172654.html (Kang Seung-woo 2015)

  95. 95.

    Yoo Seong-un, Ser Myo-ja. 2014. ‘Army attempts to curb abuse with peer system’, Korea Joongang Daily, September 11. Retrieved September 12 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2994666 (Yoo Seong-un 2014)

  96. 96.

    Ibid. (Yoo Seong-un 2014)

  97. 97.

    Pakman. 2014. ‘Korean military to change ranking system in order to prevent bullying’, allkpop, October 14. Retrieved October 15 from http://www.allkpop.com/buzz/2014/10/korean-military-to-change-ranking-system-in-order-to-prevent-bullying (Pakman 2014)

  98. 98.

    Kim Tong-hyung. 2013. ‘Can military comedies be funny anymore? ’, The Korea Times, July 21. Retrieved July 22 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/07/201_139657.html (Kim Tong-hyung 2013)

  99. 99.

    Ibid. (Kim Tong-hyung 2013)

  100. 100.

    The Korean. 2009. ‘Military Service Series: Part III—Korean Military and Korean Society’, Ask A Korean, April 19. (The Korean 2009)

  101. 101.

    Choi, Sook-hee. 2008. ‘Koreans’ Motivation to Work’, Samsung Economic Research Institute, June 11. Retrieved July 23 from http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=B&mncd=0101&sort=C&gubun=00&p_page=8&natcd=KR&key=20080611000001 (Choi 2008)

  102. 102.

    Park, Hye-min and Kim, Hyung-eun. 2014. ‘Office drama strikes a chord with workers’, Korea Joongang Daily, November 11. Retrieved November 20 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2997458&cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Conline (Park and Kim 2014)

  103. 103.

    Pepler, Debra, Jiang, Depeng, Craig, Wendy and Connolly, Jennifer. 2008. ‘Developmental Trajectories of Bullying and Associated Factors’, Child Development, 79 (2), pp. 325–338. (Pepler et al. 2008).

  104. 104.

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Bax, T. (2016). The Fire: Bullying and Violence by Adults at Work. In: Bullying and Violence in South Korea. Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44612-7_4

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