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The Fuel: Consumer Culture, Exclusion, Ethics, and Idols

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Bullying and Violence in South Korea

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Zusammenfassung

I asked some juniors to drink so we drank in the playground near my house. I told them ‘don’t throw up or I will kill you,’ but one of the juniors threw up on my clothes. I got angry and punched him. Now I am thinking of it I am very sorry and have pity for them. I want to say to the victims that everything is my fault and I am sorry and it was inappropriate behaviour as their older brother.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Fromm, Erich. 1947. Man For Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. (Fromm 1947)

  2. 2.

    Cumings, Bruce. 1997. Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. (Cumings 1997)

  3. 3.

    Jun Sung Hong, Na Youn Lee, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor and Hui Huang. 2011. ‘Alcohol and tobacco use among South Korean adolescents: An ecological review of the literature’, Children and Youth Services Review, 33, pp. 1120–1126. (Jun Sung Hong et al. 2011)

  4. 4.

    2013. ‘Full text of Park’s inauguration speech,’ Yonhap News Agency, February 25. Retrieved March 1 from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/02/25/95/0301000000AEN20130225001500315F.HTML (‘Full text of…’ 2013)

  5. 5.

    Kang Seung-woo. 2014. ‘Park vows to send regulations to ‘guillotine’, The Korea Times, November 25. Retrieved November 27 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/11/116_168793.html (Kang Seung-woo 2014)

  6. 6.

    2013. ‘Park calls for deregulation to facilitate M&As of venture firms,’ The Korea Herald, May 14. Retrieved May 17 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130514001150 (‘Park calls…’ 2013)

  7. 7.

    Cho Chung-un. 2014. ‘Park goes overboard in use of ‘scary’ metaphors’, The Korea Herald, November 27. Retrieved November 29 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20141127000904 (Cho Chung-un 2014)

  8. 8.

    2013. ‘Girl’s day participate in campaign to end school violence with free hugs,’ allkpop, May 7. Retrieved May 9 from http://www.allkpop.com/2013/05/girls-day-participate-in-campaign-to-end-school-violence-with-free-hugs (‘Girl’s day…’ 2013)

  9. 9.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman. Abington, Oxon: Routledge (p. 2). (Blackshaw 2005)

  10. 10.

    Ibid (p. 29).

  11. 11.

    Harvey, David. 2010. The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism. London: Profile Books Ltd. (Harvey 2010)

  12. 12.

    Moon, Seungsook. 2005. Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea. Durham and London: Duke University Press (p. 2). (Moon 2005)

  13. 13.

    Ibid. (Moon 2005)

  14. 14.

    Blackshaw, Tony 2005. Zygmunt Bauman. (Blackshaw 2005)

  15. 15.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2010. 44 Letters from a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity Press (p. 1). (Bauman 2010)

  16. 16.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman. (Blackshaw 2005)

  17. 17.

    Lee, Joo-hee. 2013. ‘2 out of 3 women feel unsafe from sex crimes’, The Korea Herald, August 2. Retrieved August 4 from http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130802000575&ntn=0 (Lee 2013)

  18. 18.

    Editorial. 2013. ‘An anxious society’, The Korea Herald, May 23. Retrieved May 26 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130523000506 (Editorial 2013).

  19. 19.

    Ibid.

  20. 20.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2006. Liquid Fear. Cambridge: Polity Press. (Bauman 2006).

  21. 21.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. ‘Foreword by Zygmunt Bauman: Individually, together’. In: Ulrich Beck and Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim (Eds) Individualization, London: Sage (2002), p. xxii. (Bauman 2002).

  22. 22.

    Bauman, Zygmunt., and Milena Yakimova. 2002. ‘A postmodern grid on the worldmap. Interview with Zygmunt Bauman,’ Eurozine. http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2002-11-08-bauman-en.html (accessed July 2, 2013). (Bauman and Yakimova 2002).

  23. 23.

    Beck, Ulrich, and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. 2002. Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage, (p. xxii). (Beck and Beck-Gernsheim 2002)

  24. 24.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman. (Blackshaw 2005)

  25. 25.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2004. Identity: Conversations with Bendetto Vecchi. Cambridge: Polity Press (p. 66). (Bauman 2004)

  26. 26.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman (p. 112). (Blackshaw 2005)

  27. 27.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2007. Consuming Life. Cambridge: Polity Press (6). (Bauman 2007)

  28. 28.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman (p. 129). (Blackshaw 2005)

  29. 29.

    Fromm, Erich. 1947. Man For Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics (p. 72). (Fromm 1947)

  30. 30.

    The author viewed the interview on TV.

  31. 31.

    Jang, Hyeok-jin and Kang Jin-kyu. 2015. ‘Loudspeakers blared K-pop, news, even weather,’ Korea Joongang Daily, September 1. Retrieved September 1 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3008612&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1 (Jang and Kang Jin-kyu. 2015).

  32. 32.

    Kang, Seung-woo. 2015. ‘K-pop can weaken NK regime,’ The Korea Times, September 13. Retrieved September 14 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/09/116_186730.html (Kang 2015).

  33. 33.

    Park, Yeon-mi. 2014. ‘Yeon-mi Park: The hopes of North Korea’s “Black Market Generation”,’ The Washington Post, May 25. Retrieved March 27, 2016, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/yeon-mi-park-the-hopes-of-north-koreas-black-market-generation/2014/05/25/dcab911c-dc49-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_story.html (Park 2014)

  34. 34.

    2015. ‘Korean men use 13 cosmetic products on average,’ The Korea Times, March 31. Retrieved April 1 from http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/03/113_176220.html (‘Korean men…’ 2015)

  35. 35.

    2015. ‘HR staff consider applicants’ looks,’ The Korea Times, August 5. Retrieved August 6 from http://www.korea times.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_184279.html (‘HR staff consider…’ 2015)

  36. 36.

    2015. ‘Voice-changing procedure a hit in Gangnam Clinics,’ The Chosun Daily, August 1. Retrieved August 4 from http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/08/01/2015080100456.html (‘Voice-changing procedure…’ 2015)

  37. 37.

    2010. ‘Was M to M using noise?’, allkpop, March 25. Retrieved March 27 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/03/was-m-to-m-using-noise-marketing (‘Was M to M…’ 2010)

  38. 38.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman (p. 130). (Blackshaw 2005)

  39. 39.

    Mathiesen, Thomas. 1997. ‘The viewer society: Michel Foucault’s “Panopticon” Revisited’, Theoretical Criminology, pp. 215–234. (Mathiesen 1997).

  40. 40.

    Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated from the French by Alan Sheridan. New YorK Vintage Books. (Foucault 1977)

  41. 41.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman (p. 128). (Blackshaw 2005)

  42. 42.

    Um Dong-jin and Park Hyun-taek. 2014. ‘For Hyun-A, sexy sells’, Korea Joongang Daily, August 8. Retrieved August 10 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2993171&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online (Um Dong-jin and Park Hyun-taek 2014)

  43. 43.

    Young, Jock. 1999. The Exclusive Society. London: Sage Publications Ltd. (Young 1999)

  44. 44.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2006. Liquid Fear. Cambridge: Polity Press (p. 18). (Bauman 2006).

  45. 45.

    Ibid. (p. 18).

  46. 46.

    Ibid. (p. 24).

  47. 47.

    Park, Dae-lu. 2012. ‘Mokdong middle-school girl who was bullied commits suicide, how was she bullied’ (종합]목동 왕따자살 여중생, 대체 어떻게 괴롭혔기에…), NEWSIS, February 7. Retrieved February 11 from http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=003&aid=0004327162 (Park 2012)

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    2012. For Wang-tta Suicide Case, Inspectors Search and Seize Yang-Cheon-gu Female Middle School (檢, 지난해 자살한 ‘왕따 여중생사건’ 학교 압수수색하자…), dong-A.com, June 15. Retrieved July 4 from http://news.donga.com/3/all/20120615/47032621/1 (‘For Wang-tta suicide…’ 2012).

  50. 50.

    Park, Dae-lu. 2012. ‘Mokdong middle-school girl who was bullied commits suicide, how was she bullied,’ NEWSIS, February 7. (Park, Dae-lu. 2012)

  51. 51.

    Schuster, B. 1999. ‘Outsiders at school: The prevalence of bullying and its relation with social status’. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2, 175–190. (Schuster 1999)

  52. 52.

    Smith, Peter. 2004. ‘Bullying: Recent developments’, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(3), pp. 98–103. (Smith 2004)

  53. 53.

    Blackshaw, Tony. 2005. Zygmunt Bauman (p. 128). (Blackshaw 2005)

  54. 54.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2007. Consuming Life (92). (Bauman 2007)

  55. 55.

    2014. ‘Thunder also leaving MBLAQ + G.O tweets about the departures + J.Tune Statement + FINAL ALBUM IN NOV,’ Omona They Didn’t, October 12. Retrieved October 14 from http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/14331278.html (‘Thunder also leaving…’ 2014).

  56. 56.

    Bauman, Zygmunt., and Leonidas, Donskis. 2013. Moral Blindness: The Loss of Sensitivity in Liquid Modernity. London: Polity Press. (Bauman and Leonidas 2013).

  57. 57.

    Blackshaw, Tony. Zygmunt Bauman (p. 128). (Blackshaw 2005)

  58. 58.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 2007. Consuming Life (51). (Bauman 2007)

  59. 59.

    Originally viewed on August 5, 2012, at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vrCIQTyVy4

  60. 60.

    2012. ‘Angry T-ara fans egg Core Contents Media building,’ allkpop, August 4. Retrieved August 6 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/08/angry-t-ara-fans-egg-core-contents-media-building (‘Angry T-ara…’ 2012)

  61. 61.

    2012. T-ara/Hwayoung Controversy: Cliff Notes Edition, allkpop, July 30. Retrieved August 5 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/t-ara-controversy-cliff-notes-edition (‘T-ara/Hwayoung…’ 2012)

  62. 62.

    2012. ‘T-ara members’ tweets following Budokan concert receive some criticism,’ allkpop, July 28. Retrieved August 5 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/t-ara-members-tweets-following-budokan-concert-receives-some-criticism (‘T-ara members’ tweets…’ 2012)

  63. 63.

    2012. ‘[OP-ED] Guilty until proven innocent: The lynch mob against T-ara and who’s really to blame,’ allkpop, August 2. Retrieved August 5 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/08/op-ed-guilty-until-proven-innocent-the-lynch-mob-against-t-ara-and-whos-really-to-blame (‘[OP-ED] Guilty until…’ 2012)

  64. 64.

    2012. ‘T-ara representative remarks, “Hwayoung got arrogant”,’ allkpop, August 3. Retrieved august 5 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/08/t-ara-representative-remarks-hwayoung-got-arrogant (‘T-ara representative…’ 2012)

  65. 65.

    2012. ‘T-ara members’ tweets following Budokan concert receive some criticism,’ allkpop, July 28. (‘T-ara members’…’ 2012)

  66. 66.

    Ibid.

  67. 67.

    Chun In-sung and Hwang Sun-yoon. 2012. ‘School’s actions scrutinized after students’ deaths,’ Korea Joongang Daily, August 14. Retrieved August 15 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987865&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1 (Chun In-sung and Hwang Sun-yoon 2012)

  68. 68.

    2012. ‘T-ara’s Hwayoung leaves an ambiguous tweet,’ allkpop, July 28. Retrieved August 5 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/t-aras-hwayoung-leaves-an-ambiguous-tweet (‘T-ara’s Hwayoung…’ 2012)

  69. 69.

    2012. ‘Fans demand T-ara’s Eunjung be kicked off “We Got Married” and “Five Fingers”,’ allkpop, July 30. Retrieved August 6 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/fans-demand-t-aras-eunjung-be-kicked-off-we-got-married-and-five-fingers (‘Fans demand…2012)

  70. 70.

    2012. ‘Full press release from core contents media regarding Hwayoung’s departure from T-ara,’ allkpop, July 30. Retrieved August 6 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/full-press-release-from-core-contents-media-regarding-hwayoungs-departure-from-t-ara (‘Full press release…’ 2012)

  71. 71.

    Ibid.

  72. 72.

    Kim, So-ra. 2014. ‘So-you shines on her own,’ Korea Joongang Daily, February 27. Retrieved March 1 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2985535&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online (Kim 2014)

  73. 73.

    2012. ‘[OP-ED] Is T-ara’s member change a way for Kim Kwang Soo to punish T-ara?’ allkpop, April 8. Retrieved August 7 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/04/op-ed-is-t-aras-member-change-a-way-for-kim-kwang-soo-to-punish-t-ara (‘[OP-ED] Is T-ara’s…’ 2012)

  74. 74.

    Ibid.

  75. 75.

    2012. ‘Full press release from Core Contents Media regarding Hwayoung’s departure from T-ara,’ allkpop, July 30.

  76. 76.

    Cho Chung-un. 2012. ‘T-ara case reveals K-pop’s sinister side,’ The Korea Herald, July 31. Retrieved August 3 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120731001374 (‘Full press release…’ 2012)

  77. 77.

    2013. ‘Yoo In Na reveals what it was like being a YG Entertainment trainee for 11 years,’ allkpop, May 3. Retrieved May 5 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/yoo-in-na-reveals-what-it-was-like-being-a-yg-entertainment-trainee-for-11-years (‘Yoo In Na reveals…’ 2013)

  78. 78.

    Choe, sang-hun. 2013. ‘Cramming for Stardom at Korea’s K-Pop Schools,’ New York Times, August 9. Retrieved August 11 from http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/11595322.html (Choe 2013)

  79. 79.

    Cho Chung-un. 2012. ‘T-ara case reveals K-pop’s sinister side,’ The Korea Herald, July 31. (Cho Chung-un 2012).

  80. 80.

    Ibid.

  81. 81.

    Staff Writer. 2012. ‘Super Junior Yesung, ‘99 % of the time idol members don’t get along,’ Kpop Starz, July 4. Retrieved August 7 from http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/9978/20120704/super-junior-yesung-99-percent-of-the-time-idol-members-dont-get-along.htm (Staff Writer 2012)

  82. 82.

    Ko Dong-hwan. 2013. ‘High school graduates go frenzy over practical music programs,’ The Korea Times, September 13. Retrieved September 14 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/09/116_142772.html (Ko Dong-hwan 2013)

  83. 83.

    Shin, Su-won. 2012. ‘Tiara bullying rumor brings about “Tiara game”. Is this spilling over to become a social issue?’ (티아라 왕따설, '티아라놀이' 파생…사회적 문제로 번지나?), Korea Daily, August 18. Retrieved August 25 from http://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=102&oid=038&aid=0002289796 (Shin 2012)

  84. 84.

    2013. ‘T-ara N4 confess they were nervous and scared about their comeback,’ allkpop, April 29. Retrieved May 3 from http://www.allkpop.com/2013/04/t-ara-n4-confess-they-were-nervous-and-scared-about-their-comeback (‘T-ara N4 confess…’ 2013)

  85. 85.

    Ibid.

  86. 86.

    ‘Countryside Life’ (also called ‘Jeon Won Dairy’) performed by T-ara. Lyrics by Duble Sidekick, music by Duble Sidekick and Hwang Ho-jun. Produced by Core Contents Media, 2013.

  87. 87.

    Chun In-Sung and Hwang Sun-Yoon. 2014. ‘School’s actions scrutinized after students’ deaths’, Korea Joongang Daily, April 14. (Chun In-sung and Hwang Sun-yoon 2014)

  88. 88.

    Schwartzman, Nathan. 2009. ‘How Gangnam mothers choose their kids’ friends,’ Asian Correspondent, December 7. Retrieved April 6, 20145, from http://asiancorrespondent.com/26065/how-gangnam-mothers-choose-their-kids-friends/ (Schwartzman 2009)

  89. 89.

    Oh, Sooyoung. 2014. ‘Why Korean youth die young,’ South Korean Human Rights Monitor, May 6. (Oh 2014)

  90. 90.

    Jennywill. 2013. ‘Hyungsik reveals Kwanghee grew tired of being jealous of him,’ allkpop, October 14. Retrieved October 16 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/10/hyungsik-reveals-kwanghee-grew-tired-of-being-jealous-of-him#axzz2hky5RVDK (Jennywill 2013)

  91. 91.

    2013. ‘Lee Hyori becomes one of the “bad girls” in her comeback teaser photo,’ allkpop, May 14. Retrieved May 17 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/lee-hyori-becomes-one-of-the-bad-girls-in-her-comeback-teaser-photo (‘Lee Hyori becomes…’ 2013)

  92. 92.

    Starsung. 2013. ‘Lee Hyori makes it hard to believe she’s in her thirties with her jaw-dropping bikini body for “Cosmopolitan”’, allkpop, June 19. Retrieved June 21 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/06/lee-hyori-makes-it-hard-to-believe-shes-in-her-thirties-with-her-jaw-dropping-bikini-body-for-cosmopolitan (Starsung 2013)

  93. 93.

    ‘Bad Girls’ performed by Lee Hyori. Lyrics by Lee Hyori. Music by Nermin Harambasic, Robin Jenssen, Ronny Vidar Svendsen, Anne Judith Wik, Chris Young. Produced by B2M Entertainment and CJ E&M Music, 2013.

  94. 94.

    Chung Ah-young. 2015. ‘Japanese vestiges still haunt schools’, The Korea Times, August 10. Retrieved August 11 from http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_newsidx=184563 (Chung Ah-young 2015)

  95. 95.

    2013. ‘Cramming for Stardom at Korea’s K-pop schools,’ Omona They Didn’t, August 9. Retrieved August 13 from http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/11595322.html (‘Cramming for Stardom…’ 2013)

  96. 96.

    Hotshotlover30. 2012. ‘2 PM’s Nichkhun involved in drunk driving accident,’ Soompi, July 24. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://www.soompi.com/2012/07/24/2pms-nichkhun-involved-in-drunk-driving-accident/#.U7NwmLHm6B (Hotshotlover30 2012)

  97. 97.

    2013. ‘[Instiz] Witnesses report a different story to Nichkhun’s drunk driving scandal,’ Netizen Buzz, May 11. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://netizenbuzz.blogspot.kr/2013/05/instiz-witnesses-report-different-story.html([Instiz] Witnesses report…2013)

  98. 98.

    Jennywill. 2013. ‘[OP-ED] Do people forgive and forget?’ allkpop, May 27. Retrieved June 1 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/op-ed-do-people-forgive-and-forget (Jennywill 2013)

  99. 99.

    2013. ‘2 PM Nichkhun’s Mother apologizes for DUI incident and thanks fans,’ M Wave, May 27. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/37129/2pm-nichkhuns-mom-apologizes (‘2 PM Nichkhun’s Mother…’ 2013)

  100. 100.

    2010. ‘Kangin charged $8,000 for DUI and hit-and-run,’ allkpop, January 13. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/01/kangin-charged-8000-for-dui-and-hit-and-run (‘Kangin charged…’ 2010)

  101. 101.

    2013. ‘Go Young-wook: Pedophile or “behavioral addict”?’ The Chosun Daily, August 12. Retrieved June 9, 2014, from http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/12/2013041201187.html (‘Go Young-wook…’ 2013)

  102. 102.

    2013. ‘Celebrities born with silver spoons,’ The Korea Times, May 19. Retrieved May 20 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/386_136004.html (‘Celebrities born with silver…’ 2013)

  103. 103.

    Thunderstix. 2011. [Discuss] G-Dragon’s comeback too early?’ Soompi, December 10. Retrieved June 9, 2014, from http://www.soompi.com/2011/12/10/gdragons-return-too-early/#.U7N_PbHm6BA (Thunderstix 2011)

  104. 104.

    Ibid.

  105. 105.

    2011. ‘Big Bang’s G-Dragon caught smoking marijuana,’ allkpop, October 5. Retrieved June 9, 2014, from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2011/10/big-bangs-g-dragon-caught-smoking-marijuana (‘Big Bang’s G-Dragon…’ 2011)

  106. 106.

    Jennywill. 2013. ‘[OP-ED] Do people forgive and forget?’ allkpop, May 27. (Jennywill. 2013)

  107. 107.

    Thunderstix. 2011. [Discuss] G-Dragon’s comeback too early?’ Soompi, December 10. (Thunderstix 2011)

  108. 108.

    2013. ‘New tomboy girl group GI (Global Icon) releases member images!’ allkpop, March 20. Retrieved March 22 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/03/new-tomboy-girl-group-gi-global-icon-releases-member-image (‘New tomboy girl…’ 2013).

  109. 109.

    Serendipity. 2015. ‘GI (Global Icon) return with a new lineup and change in concept in “Doligo Doligo” MV!’ allkpop, September 2. Retrieved September 4 from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/09/gi-global-icon-return-with-a-new-lineup-and-change-in-concept-in-doligo-doligo-mv (Serendipity 2015)

  110. 110.

    ‘One of a Kind’ performed by G-Dragon. Lyrics by G-Dragon. Music by G-Dragon and Choice37. Produced by YG Entertainment, 2012.

  111. 111.

    2009. ‘Children in South Korea caught up in a spec and competition craze,’ The Hankyoreh, December 22. Retrived February 12, 2014, from http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/394805.htm (‘Children in South Korea…’ 2009)

  112. 112.

    2013. ‘The 8 main specs for finding a job’ (취업8대스펙,이것만알면취업성공), Issueman.com, October 25. Retrieved November 7 from http://issueman.com/112 (‘The 8 main specs…’ 2013)

  113. 113.

    Park Su-yeon. 2013. 7 cm Knife Scar Photos in My 13 Year old Daughter’s Kakao Story (13살 딸 '카스'엔 '7 cm 칼빵' 인증샷이…), Nate News, August 12. (Park Su-yeon 2013)

  114. 114.

    Cohen, Albert. K. 1955. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press. (Cohen 1955)

  115. 115.

    Ko, Dong-hwan. 2013. ‘High school graduates go frenzy over practical music programs,’ The Korea Times, September 13. (Ko 2013).

  116. 116.

    Special Reporting Team. 2014. ‘In Korea, there’s no room at the juvenile prisons’, Korea Joongang Daily, July 10. Retrieved June 11 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2991818& cloc=joongang daily|home|top (Special Reporting Team 2014)

  117. 117.

    2013. ‘The price of fame,’ The Sydney Morning Herald, April 19. Retrieved April 21 from http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/the-price-of-fame-20130418-2i31d.html (‘The price of fame,’ 2013)

  118. 118.

    Hann, Michael. 2015. ‘Do musicians die young? The truth about the 27 Club,’ The Guardian, April 2. Retrieved April 3 from http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/apr/02/do-musicians-die-young-truth-27-club (Hann 2015)

  119. 119.

    Bellis, Mark. A., Karen Hughes, Olivia Sharples, Tom Hennell, Katherine A Hardcastle. 2012. ‘Dying to be famous: retrospective cohort study of rock and pop star mortality and its association with adverse childhood experiences,’ British Medical Journal Open, 2:e002089. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002089. (Bellis 2012).

  120. 120.

    James, Oliver. 2012. ‘Why didn’t Pete Townshend die before he got old? Here are some answers,’ The Guardian, December 24. Retrieved December 27 from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/24/health-health-and-wellbeing (James 2012)

  121. 121.

    2013. ‘Celebrities born with silver spoons,’ The Korea Times, May 19. (‘Celebrities born…’ 2013)

  122. 122.

    Park, Si-soo. 2013. ‘Root of K-pop,’ The Korea Times, October 31. Retrieved November 2 from http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/10/135_145257.html (Park 2013)

  123. 123.

    Seth, Michael. 2011. A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present (p. 164). (Seth 2011)

  124. 124.

    2013. ‘Celebrities born with silver spoons,’ The Korea Times, May 19. (‘Celebrities born with…’ 2013)

  125. 125.

    Callmenoona. 2014. Core Contents CEO Kim Kwang Soo being investigated for embezzling of company funds,’ Soompi, June 24. Retrieved June 26 from http://www.soompi.com/2014/06/24/core-contents-ceo-kim-kwang-soo-being-investigated-for-embezzling-of-company-funds/#.U7IWb7Hm6BA (Callmenoona 2014)

  126. 126.

    Choe, Sang-hun. 2013. ‘Cramming for Stardom at Korea’s K-pop schools,’ The New York Times, August 9. (Choe 2013)

  127. 127.

    Ibid. (Choe 2013)

  128. 128.

    2013. ‘B1A4’s Sandeul’s guitar instructor mistook him for a delinquent student?’ allkpop, May 14. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/b1a4s-sandeuls-guitar-instructor-mistook-him-for-a-delinquent-student (‘B1A4’s Sandeul’s guitar…2013)

  129. 129.

    Ko Dong-hwan. 2013. ‘High school graduates go frenzy over practical music programs,’ The Korea Times, September 13 (Ko Dong-hwan 2013)

  130. 130.

    Ibid. (Ko Dong-hwan 2013)

  131. 131.

    Park, Si-soo. 2013. ‘Unstable stardom,’ The Korea Times, September 5. Retrieved September 7 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/09/386_142285.html (Park 2013)

  132. 132.

    Ibid. (Park 2013)

  133. 133.

    Chung, Kang-hyun and Min Kyung-won. 2014. ‘In Korea, suicide worsens in scope,’ Korea Joongang Daily, April 3. Retrieved April 4 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2987334 (Chung and Min Kyung-won 2014)

  134. 134.

    Ibid. (Chung and Min Kyung-won 2014)

  135. 135.

    2011. ‘South Korea’s exam suicides’, al Jazeera, November 10. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2011/11/20111110121212136117.html (‘South Korea’s exam…’ 2011)

  136. 136.

    Chung, Kang-hyun & Min Kyung-won. 2014. ‘In Korea, suicide worsens in scope,’ Korea Joongang Daily, April 3. (Chung and Min Kyung-won 2014)

  137. 137.

    Ibid. (Chung and Min Kyung-won 2014)

  138. 138.

    Jang, Joo-young. 2014. ‘Korea remains ‘Republic of Suicide’,’ Korea Joongang Daily, July 3. Retrieved July 5 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2991496&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1 (Jang 2014)

  139. 139.

    Victoria. 2013. ‘South Korea—The suicide capital of the world,’ Beyond Hallyu, May 16. Retrieved July 5, 2014, from http://beyondhallyu.com/culture/south-korea-the-suicide-capital-of-the-world/ (Victoria 2013)

  140. 140.

    The Korean. 2011. ‘Suicide in Korea Series: III. Sociology of suicide in Korea,’ Ask A Korean, November 7. Retrieved July 6, 2014, from http://askakorean.blogspot.kr/2011/11/suicide-in-korea-series-iii-sociology.html (The Korean 2011)

  141. 141.

    Ibid. (The Korean 2011)

  142. 142.

    Jeong, Hunny. 2013. How are you, really?’ The Korea Herald, December 19. Retrieved December 21 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20131219000791 (Jeong 2013)

  143. 143.

    2013. ‘How are you all doing?’ The Korea Times, December 17. Retrieved December 18 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2013/12/202_148137.html (‘How are you…’ 2013)

  144. 144.

    Kang, Jin-kyu. 2013. ‘Handwritten appeals from the heart,’ Korea Joongang Daily, December 26. Retrieved December 28 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2982579&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1 (Kang, Jin-kyu 2013)

  145. 145.

    Ibid.

  146. 146.

    Refers to young people stuck in a low-wage job or low-income self-employment who earn an average monthly income of 880,000 won.

  147. 147.

    Chen, Minjun. 2013. ‘Conservatives destroy popular “How are you doing” Posters,’ Korea Bang, December 26. Retrieved March 4, 2014, from http://www.koreabang.com/2013/stories/conservatives-destroy-popular-how-are-you-doing-posters.html (Chen 2013)

  148. 148.

    At: https://www.facebook.com/helljoseon?fref=ts

  149. 149.

    Koo, Se-woong. 2015. ‘Korea, thy name is Hell Joseon,’ Korea Exposé, September 22. Retrieved October 15 from http://www.koreaexpose.com/voices/korea-thy-name-is-hell-joseon/ (Koo 2015)

  150. 150.

    Kim, Myoung-sik. 2015. ‘Our wretched young generation,’ The Korea Herald, August 5. Retrieved October 15 from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150805000960

  151. 151.

    Kim, Ho., & Lee Sung-eun. 2016. ‘Student leaps from building, lands on passerby,’ Korea Joongang Daily, June 2. Retrieved June 4 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3019494 (Kim 2016)

  152. 152.

    Denny, Stephen, 2015. ‘Is South Korea now ‘Hell Chosun’?’ The Diplomat, September 25. Retrieved October 15 http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/is-south-korea-now-hell-chosun/ (Denny 2015)

  153. 153.

    2016. ‘Koreans want to leave ‘Hell Joseon’,’ The Korea Times, January 18. Retrieved January 19 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/01/116_195720.html (‘Koreans want…2016)

  154. 154.

    Cho, Han-dae. 2015. ‘Author expounds on ‘Hell Joseon’,’ Korea Joongang Daily, October 12. Retrieved October 13 from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3010170&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online (Cho 2015)

  155. 155.

    Kim Eui-kyum and Ko Han-sol. 2016. ‘Lashing out at “Hell Joseon”, young’uns drive ruling party’s election beatdown,’ The Hankyoreh, April 15. Retrieved April 18 from http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/739886.html (Kim Eui-kyum and Ko Han-sol 2016)

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  1. Department of Sociology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Trent Bax

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Bax, T. (2016). The Fuel: Consumer Culture, Exclusion, Ethics, and Idols. In: Bullying and Violence in South Korea. Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44612-7_3

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