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Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS)

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Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Chemical Physics ((CHEMICAL,volume 114))

Abstract

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique for studying surfaces, including those of heterogeneous catalysts, through its ability to quantitatively analyze the elemental and chemical composition with high surface sensitivity. The understanding of heterogeneous catalytic processes under realistic conditions requires measurements at elevated pressures, far from the high-vacuum conditions under which the majority of XPS measurements are conducted. The investigation of surfaces using XPS at or near relevant pressures poses challenges due to scattering of electrons by gas molecules, which have been overcome through the development of ambient-pressure XPS (APXPS) . In this chapter, we will review technical approaches for conducting XPS at higher pressures and discuss other experimental challenges that need to be addressed in APXPS investigations. At the end of the chapter, examples of APXPS experiments of CO oxidation over Ru and Pd, as well as the oxidation of other small hydrocarbons are shown.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, and by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences of the U.S. Department of Energy at LBNL under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Osman Karslıoğlu & Hendrik Bluhm

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  1. Osman Karslıoğlu
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  2. Hendrik Bluhm
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Correspondence to Hendrik Bluhm .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Huygens–Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands and Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Joost Frenken

  2. Huygens–Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands and Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Irene Groot

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Karslıoğlu, O., Bluhm, H. (2017). Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS). In: Frenken, J., Groot, I. (eds) Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 114. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44439-0_2

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