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Introduction on High Intensity Laser-Plasma Interaction and High Field Plasmonics

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High Field Plasmonics

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Abstract

This dissertation deals manly with the attempt to extend the study of plasmonic effects in the ultra-high intensity (beyond \(10^{18}\,\text {W/cm}^2\)) laser-matter interaction. Plasmonics, which is the study of surface plasmons, is a mature research field. However, surface plasmons are generally excited with low-intensity laser pulses. The study of plasmonic effects when ultra-high intensity lasers are involved is an almost completely unexplored ground. In this regime, which will be referred as High Field Plasmonics in the following, relativistic, strongly non-linear effects are expected to take place.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The first Laser was preceded by the first Maser in 1953 [1], operating in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Basic laser physics is beyond the scope of this dissertation and the interested reader is referred to [2].

  2. 2.

    For a comparison, the average electrical power produced on Earth is \({\sim }\)2–3 TW [9]. Thus a PW class laser system is hundreds of times more powerful than the total electric output of the Earth.

  3. 3.

    An audio signal with similar properties recalls the chirping of birds.

  4. 4.

    Ti:Sapphire laser systems operate in the 1–10 Hz frequency range (i.e. one shot every 0.1–1 s), mainly due to issues related to the amplifying stages.

  5. 5.

    Fibre-based lasers can operate in the kW regime with a wall-plug efficiency \(\sim \)30 %.

  6. 6.

    Possible applications of a laser built according to this concept include space debris control [26] and production of Tc 99 m [27], a radioactive isotope of medical interest.

  7. 7.

    The critical intensity for ionization of any material with single photon processes is \({\sim }3.5\times 10^{16}\,\text {W/cm}^2\).

  8. 8.

    The interested reader can found a thorough discussion of the rich physics of EM waves propagation in plasmas in [34].

  9. 9.

    As for a typical Ti:Sapphire laser system.

  10. 10.

    Phenomena like self-focusing, higher frequency generation ...may take place and concepts like the refraction index and the dispersion relation cannot be ported straightforwardly in this regime.

  11. 11.

    Though not manifestly covariant, f(x, p) can be proven to be a Lorentz scalar using the ancillary function \(\mathcal {N}(x,p) = \frac{1}{p_0} \delta (p^0 - \sqrt{p^2 + m^2 c^2})f(x,p)\). It is possible to show that \(\mathcal {N}(x,p) = \dfrac{1}{mc}\int d\tau \langle {\sum \limits _{i=1}^{N} \delta ^{4}\left( {{x}-{x}_i(t)}\right) \delta ^{4}\left( {{p} - {p}_i(t)}\right) }\rangle \), which is a Lorentz scalar (\(\tau \) is the proper time). Moreover, it is trivial to show that \(\theta (p^0) \delta (p^\mu p_\mu - m^2c^2) = \dfrac{\delta (p^0-\sqrt{\mathbf {p}^2+m^2c^2})}{2p^0}\). Finally, since using the previous result \(\mathcal {N}(x,p) = \theta (p^0) \delta (p^\mu p_\mu - m^2c^2) f(x,p)\), we can conclude that f(x, p) is a Lorentz scalar.

  12. 12.

    This estimated energy is called the “ponderomotive energy”.

  13. 13.

    Normally a layer of hydrocarbon contaminants is always present on the target surfaces.

  14. 14.

    The excitation of surface waves in relativistic laser-matter interaction was first proposed in [86] but the topic has remained essentially unexplored up to now.

  15. 15.

    Without using an EM wave, a SP can be excited also with accelerated charged particles.

  16. 16.

    Field enhancement exceeding 100\(\times \) are reported in the literature.

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  1. Enrico Fermi Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Luca Fedeli

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Fedeli, L. (2017). Introduction on High Intensity Laser-Plasma Interaction and High Field Plasmonics. In: High Field Plasmonics. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44290-7_2

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