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Thyroid Gland

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Abstract

Ultrasound elastography (USE) is used mainly to improve ultrasound efficacy for the characterization of thyroid nodules, e.g., detection of malignancy, and less commonly for evaluation of diffuse diseases, e.g., chronic thyroiditis. The stiffness of the gland depends on the structural properties of the matrix of tissues (cells, membranes, extravascular matrix, microvessels), whereas in conventional ultrasound (US), it is the microscopic structure that determines reflectivity. Thus, elastography provides histologic tissue structure, enabling differentiation of the normal gland from nodules and parenchymal diseases. Tissue stiffness is a feature that reflects the nature of the thyroid nodule; neoplasia and inflammation alter the tissue composition and structure and increase the stiffness [1, 2].

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Abbreviations

ARFI:

Acoustic radiation force impulse technology

ECI:

Elasticity contrast index

FNAB:

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy

MNSR:

Muscle-to-nodule strain ratio

PNSR:

Parenchyma-to-nodule strain ratio

p-SWE:

Point shear wave elastography

ROI:

Region of interest

SE:

Freehand strain elastography

SR:

Strain ratio

SSI:

Supersonic shear imaging

SWE:

Shear wave elastography

SWS:

Shear wave speed

TI-RADS:

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System

TSI:

Thyroid stiffness index

US:

Ultrasound

USE:

Ultrasound elastography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Vito Cantisani & Ferdinando D’Ambrosio

  2. Associazione dei Cavalieri Italiani, Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta, Poliambulatorio Roma Eur, Rome, Italy

    Hektor Grazhdani

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Emanuele David

  4. Department of Internal Medicine 2, Caritas Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Germany

    Christoph Frank Dietrich

  5. Diagnostic Radiology Institute, Paula Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

    Maija Radzina

  6. Casa di Cura Villa Maria, Campobasso, Italy

    Antonio Pio Masciotra

  7. Radiology Institute, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Chandra Bortolotto

  8. Department of Radiology, University Hospital S.Matteo, Pavia, Italy

    Fabrizio Calliada

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  1. Vito Cantisani
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  1. University of Munich-Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany

    Dirk-André Clevert

  2. Department of Radiology, University Hospital GB Rossi , University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Mirko D'Onofrio

  3. Cattinara Hospital, Department of Radiology, Trieste, Italy

    Emilio Quaia

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Cantisani, V. et al. (2017). Thyroid Gland. In: Clevert, DA., D'Onofrio, M., Quaia, E. (eds) Atlas of Elastosonography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44201-3_7

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