Abstract
This chapter examines the differences in expenditure, satisfaction and behavioral intentions between first-time and repeat spectators to a cultural event. A structured questionnaire was developed and data were collected on-site during the “Sa Sartiglia” Carnival (Sardinia, Italy) via 262 interviews. A series of descriptive analyses, independent t-tests, and regression analysis were run for the purposes of the study. Findings show repeaters expressing higher satisfaction, more positive behavioral intentions and higher average economic expenditure than first-time spectators. However, repeaters scored significantly higher in term of intention to return to the event, intention to return to the destination and intention to recommend it to others. Findings add to the body of knowledge highlighting an inconsistent relationship between travel experience, travel expenditure and post-trip evaluation and behavioral intentions. Contributions to the body of knowledge and managerial implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akhoondnejad, A. (2016). Tourist loyalty to a local cultural event: The case of Turkmen handicrafts festival. Tourism Management, 52, 468–477.
Alegre, J., & Cladera, M. (2010). Tourist expenditure and quality: Why repeat tourists can spend less than first-timers. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 517–533.
Anwar, S. A., & Sohail, M. S. (2004). Festival tourism in the United Arab Emirates: First-time versus repeat visitor perceptions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 161–170.
Assael, H. (2004). Consumer behavior: A strategic approach. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Binkhorst, E., & Den Dekker, T. (2009). Agenda for co-creation tourism experience research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(2–3), 311–327.
Bojanic, D. C. (2011). The impact of age and family life experiences on Mexican visitor shopping expenditures. Tourism Management, 32(2), 406–414.
Bowdin, G., Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnel, I. (2006). Events management (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier.
Brida, J. G., & Tokarchuk, O. (2015). Keeping mental budgets: Visitors’ spending at a Christmas market. Tourism Economics, 21(1), 67–82.
Brida, J. G., Disegna, M., & Osti, L. (2013). The effect of authenticity on visitors’ expenditure at cultural events. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(3), 266–285.
Chang, J. (2006). Segmenting tourists to aboriginal cultural festivals: An example in the Rukai tribal area. Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1224–1234.
Chang, K. L., Chen, C. M., & Meyer, T. J. (2013). A comparison study of travel expenditure and consumption choices between first-time and repeat visitors. Tourism Management, 35, 275–277.
Cho, V. (2009). A study of non-economic determinants in tourism demand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 307–320.
Correia, A., Oliveira, N., & Butler, R. (2008). First-time and repeat visitors to Cape Verde: The overall image. Tourism Economics, 14(1), 185–203.
Craggs, R., & Schofield, P. (2009). Expenditure-based segmentation of visitor profiling at The Quays in Salford. UK Tourism Economics, 15(1), 243–260.
Del Chiappa, G., Tinaz, C., & Michele Turco, D. (2014). Driving first-time and repeat spectators to a motor sport event. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 388–400.
Della Lucia, M., Zeni, N., Mich, L., & Franch, M. (2011). Assessing the economic impact of cultural events: A methodology based on applying action-tracking technologies. Information Technology and Tourism, 12(3), 249–267.
Downward, P., & Lumdson, L. (2004). Tourism transport and visitor spending: a study in the North York Moors National. UK Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 415–420.
Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10–16.
Felsenstein, D., & Fleischer, A. (2003). Local festivals and tourism promotion: The role of public assistance and visitor expenditure. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 385–392.
Formica, S., & Uysal, M. (1998). Market segmentation of an international cultural-historical event in Italy. Journal of Travel Research, 36(4), 16–24.
Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428.
Gitelson, R. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1984). Insights into the repeat vacation phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(2), 199–217.
Herrero, L. C., Sanz, J. Á., Devesa, M., Bedate, A., & Del Barrio, M. J. (2006). The economic impact of cultural events a case-study of Salamanca 2002, European capital of culture. European urban and regional studies, 13(1), 41–57.
Kim, H. J., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. B. (2006). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre- and post-games. Tourism Management, 27(1), 86–96.
Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two distinct destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784–807.
Kruger, M., Saayman, M., & Ellis, S. M. (2010). Does loyalty pay? First-time versus repeat visitors at a national arts festival. Southern African Business Review, 14(1), 79–104.
Lau, A. L., & McKercher, B. (2004). Exploration versus acquisition: A comparison of first-time and repeat visitors. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 279–285.
Lee, J. S., Lee, C. K., & Yoon, Y. (2009). Investigating differences in antecedents to value between first-time and repeat festival goers. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7), 688–702.
Lee, J., Kyle, G., & Scott, D. (2012). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival satisfaction and loyalty to the festival hosting destination. Journal of Travel Research, 51(6), 754–767.
Li, X., Cheng, C. K., Kim, H., & Petrick, J. F. (2008). A systematic comparison of first-time and repeat visitors via a two-phase online survey. Tourism Management, 29(2), 278–293.
Matheson, C. M., Rimmer, R., & Tinsley, R. (2014). Spiritual attitudes and visitor motivations at the Beltane Fire Festival, Edinburgh. Tourism Management, 44, 16–33.
McKercher, B., & Wong, D. Y. Y. (2004). Understanding tourism behavior: Examining the combined effects of prior visitation history and destination status. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 171–179.
Mohr, K., Backman, K. F., Gahan, L. W., & Backman, S. J. (1993). An investigation of festival motivations and event satisfaction by visitor type. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1(3), 89–97.
Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460–469.
Oppermann, M. (1997). First-time and repeat visitors to New Zealand. Tourism Management, 18(3), 177–181.
Oppermann, M. (1998). Destination threshold potential and the law of repeat visitation. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 131–137.
Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78–84.
Petrick, J. F. (2004). First-timers’ and repeaters’ perceived value. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 29–38.
Petrick, J. F., Morais, D. D., & Norman, W. C. (2001). An examination of the determinants of entertainment vacationers’ intentions to revisit. Journal of Travel Research, 40(1), 41–48.
Quick, S. (2000). Contemporary sport consumers: some implications of linking fan typology with key spectator variables. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(3), 149–156.
Raya, M. J. (2012). Length of stay for triathlon participants in the challenge Maresme-Barcelona: A survival approach. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 36(1), 86–105.
Reid, L. J., & Reid, S. D. (1993). Communicating tourism supplier services: Building repeat visitor relationships. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 3–19.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban studies, 41(10), 1931–1951.
Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2008). Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of visitor spending at a national arts festival: A panel data analysis. World Journal on Events, 1(1), 28–33.
Saayman, M., Krugell, W., & van der Merwe, P. (2007). The determinants of spending by biltong hunters. South African Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 10(2), 184–194.
Sato, M., Jordan, J. S., Kaplanidou, K., & Funk, D. C. (2014). Determinants of tourists’ expenditure at mass participant sport events: A five-year analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(9), 763–771.
Seiler, V. L., Hsieh, S., Seiler, M. J., & Hsieh, C. (2003). Modelling travel expenditures for Taiwanese tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 13(4), 47–60.
Shani, A., Rivera, M. A., & Hara, T. (2009). Assessing the viability of repeat visitors to cultural events: Evidence from the Zora! Festival. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 10(2), 89–104.
Tang, Q., & Turco, D. M. (2001). Spending behaviours of event tourists. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Marketing, 3(2), 33–40.
Thrane, C. (2002). Jazz festival visitors and their expenditures: Linking spending patterns to musical interest. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 281–286.
Wang, D. (2004). Tourist behaviour and repeat visitation to Hong Kong. Tourism Geographies, 6(1), 99–118.
Warnick, R. B., Bojanic, D. C., & Xu, F. (2013). Using a trade market analysis technique to refine measurements for economic impact analysis of special events. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 52–65.
Williams, J., & Lawson, R. (2001). Community issues and resident opinions of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 269–290.
Zaltman, G., LeMasters, K., & Heffring, M. (1982). Theory construction in marketing. Some thoughts on thinking. New York, NY: Wiley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Del Chiappa, G., Melis, G., Atzeni, M. (2017). Driving First-Time and Repeat Spectators to Cultural Events. In: Correia, A., Kozak, M., Gnoth, J., Fyall, A. (eds) Co-Creation and Well-Being in Tourism. Tourism on the Verge. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44108-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44108-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44107-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44108-5
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)