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Plant Cell Redox Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species

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Redox State as a Central Regulator of Plant-Cell Stress Responses

Abstract

Plant cell redox homeostasis is formed as a result of the balance between the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the functioning of the antioxidant enzymes system and antioxidants with low molecular weight. Complex of different changes occurs in plants under stress conditions which often lead to a variety of the intracellular and tissue functional disorders. Under these conditions for the survival, the functioning of the systems of homeostasis maintaining is extremely important. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance formation to adverse environmental factors is one of the most urgent issues that will help to cope with the problem of increasing plant resistance to stressors. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis in plants under the influence of various external factors is provided by a number of protective systems. Organization of metabolic pathways in plants characterized by having two main separate compartments, generating ATP and reducing equivalents: chloroplasts and mitochondria. The interaction of these two cell energetic organelles with opposite types of functions in plant involves in metabolite fluxes organizing, which is an integral controlled system specific only to the plant organism. Normally, ROS are generated by metabolic activity of the plants and act as signaling molecules for activating plant metabolic pathway. However, under environmental stresses, generation of ROS increases in different compartments of the cell such as chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Higher accumulation of ROS leads to oxidative stress in plant causing damage to the cell membranes (lipid peroxidation) and biomolecules. To combat the harmful effect of increased ROS accumulation, plants are equipped with effective ROS-scavenging mechanisms. Plants have evolved two types of scavenging tools; enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dihydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GP)) and antioxidant molecules like ascorbic acid, α—tocopherols, glutathione, prolin, flavonoids and carotenoids. In implementation of these reactions, vacuoles as well as cell wall and plasma membrane also play an important role.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic ascid

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

AsA (AA):

Ascorbate

CAT:

Catalase

DAR (DHAR):

Dehydroascorbate reductase

DHA:

Dehydroascorbate

DPPH:

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical

DTT:

DL-dithiothreitol

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ETC:

Electron transport chain

GP:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

HR:

Hypersensitive response

LHCs:

Light-harvesting complexes

MDA:

Monodehydroascorbate

MDAR (MDHAR):

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

NOX:

NADPH oxidases

PX:

Peroxidase

PS I, PS II:

Photosystem I, photosystem II

Rboh:

Respiratory burst oxidase homologs

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

V:

Violaxanthin

XOD:

Xanthine oxidase

Z:

Zeaxanthin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Plants and Microbes Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1A.Manoukian Str., 0025, Yerevan, Armenia

    A. Trchounian, M. Petrosyan & N. Sahakyan

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  1. A. Trchounian
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  2. M. Petrosyan
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  3. N. Sahakyan
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Correspondence to A. Trchounian .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Radioökologie, Universität Hannover , Hannover, Germany

    Dharmendra K Gupta

  2. CSIC, Estación Experimental del Zaidín , Granada, Spain

    José M. Palma

  3. CSIC, Estación Experimental del Zaidín , Granada, Spain

    Francisco J. Corpas

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Trchounian, A., Petrosyan, M., Sahakyan, N. (2016). Plant Cell Redox Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species. In: Gupta, D., Palma, J., Corpas, F. (eds) Redox State as a Central Regulator of Plant-Cell Stress Responses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44081-1_2

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