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Environmental Struggles and Innovations in India: An Historical Perspective

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Book cover Environmental Sustainability from the Himalayas to the Oceans

Abstract

An historical account of environmental transformations in India, with drivers of such changes, is presented in this chapter. The account starts from the period of the Indus Valley Civilization and ends in the situation in present-day India, especially the period of high rates of economic growth in the past two decades. The main driver for environmental change was growth in population caused by both in-migration and natural growth, while the main environmental change was deforestation for agriculture, and to a lesser extent for expanding human settlements. There have been numerous environmental struggles as a result. At a later stage, water systems were transformed to expand irrigation and water supplies. The chapter identifies two significant innovations based on and prompted by environmental struggles. The first innovation was the community-based resistance to commercial forest felling in the present-day Indian state of Uttarakhand where, in the early 1970s, local people opposed the practice of appointment of wealthy private contractors from faraway cities for felling of forest trees, mainly for large paper and pulp industries. Instead, the movement wanted community-based controlled felling to feed local timber- and resin-based small industries. In 1974 the common people of village Reni, especially women, took the innovative step of nonviolent obstruction to forest felling by a contractor. The second innovation described in the chapter is on the introduction of the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) by the Supreme Court of India. This innovative step has significantly helped strengthening of environmental justice in India.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    RLEK v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others, Supreme Court of India, AIR 1985 SC 652.

  2. 2.

    The Dehradun lime stone quarries litigation filed by the Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra in 1983 was the first PIL case filed in the Supreme Court related to environmental issue in the country.

  3. 3.

    T. N. Godavarman v. Union of India, Supreme Court of India, Judgment of 12 December 1996, AIR 1997 SC 1228.

  4. 4.

    Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India (Bichhri village industrial pollution case), Supreme Court of India, Judgment of 13 February 1996, 1996 (3) SCC 212.

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Acknowledgement

The author wishes to thank Mr. Deepak Singh and Prof. Geetanjoy Sahu for their significant help in drafting parts of this chapter.

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  1. Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Kolkata, 700104, India

    Jayanta Bandyopadhyay (Professor (Retired)

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  1. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Shikui Dong

  2. Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Kolkata, India

    Jayanta Bandyopadhyay

  3. Centre for the Study of Geopolitics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Sanjay Chaturvedi

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Bandyopadhyay, J. (2017). Environmental Struggles and Innovations in India: An Historical Perspective. In: Dong, S., Bandyopadhyay, J., Chaturvedi, S. (eds) Environmental Sustainability from the Himalayas to the Oceans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44037-8_3

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