Abstract
This chapter focuses on concrete urban space with the aim of exploring the spatialities interlinked with feelings and discourses of fear. An impressive amount of scholarly work has recently depicted processes of fortification, privatisation, polarisation, exclusion, segregation and control. Several attempts have been made to produce comprehensive theoretical understandings of such processes: ‘geographies of fear’, ‘military urbanism’, ‘end of public space’, ‘integral urbanism’, ‘divided cities’, to name some. This chapter sets out a fourfold taxonomy of the spatial processes connected with feelings and discourses of fear, with the aim of organising the knowledge available in literature from the perspective of macro-scale effects over urban territories. Each category is characterised by a specific spatial effect of urban restructuring: Enclosure, spaces of exclusion/seclusion; Barrier, infrastructural nets, with their longitudinal ‘splintering’ effect; Post-Public Space, privatisation and fortification of public space(s) and buildings; Control, the politics of surveillance over urban space. The theoretical discussion of each category is followed by the exemplification of a case from Palermo and/or Lisbon. The conclusions of the chapter, building on findings from Southern Europe, suggest a reframing of mainstream theories and advocate for a conceptual approach to the spatialisation of urban fear more attuned to local characterisations.
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Notes
- 1.
Expanding and updating a preliminary version, which did not include the category of Control, set out in Tulumello (2015a).
- 2.
Roitman et al. (2010, 9) maintains that the literature on gated communities has given limited attention to the way such developments transform urban fabrics by ‘segmenting the physical city […] and creating physical and emblematic barriers’. This can be said for most studies reviewed in this chapter. See De Duren (2006) and Tulumello (2015a) for two exceptions.
- 3.
See Sect. 3.2 for a debate on the sociopolitical construction of otherness.
- 4.
Fortification is becoming an essential architectural apparatus of residential developments for affluent classes (Ragonese 2008), like the creation of panic rooms, fortified rooms for self-protection in case of home assault, show. The movie Panic Room (2002; directed by David Fincher) explores the paradoxes of such developments. The thriller takes place in a luxury home in New York and the pathos is produced by the fact that the assaulters are seeking something that is hidden inside the panic room where the main character is seeking protection.
- 5.
The movie La Zona (2007; directed by Rodrigo Plá), which takes place in a Mexican gated community, is an extreme example of the legal suspension characterising such developments: three youths from an informal settlement intrude into the community to steal and end up being hunted and killed by security guards and residents, while police cannot intervene because of the legal independence of the community.
- 6.
In the Americas: Argentina (De Duren 2006), Brazil (Caldeira 2000), Canada (Walks 2014), Mexico (Glasze et al. 2006), Uruguay (Álvarez-Rivadulla 2007); in Europe: Poland, Romania, Hungary (Kováks 2014), Portugal (Raposo 2008), Spain, UK (Glasze et al. 2006); in Africa: South Africa (Lemanski and Oldfield 2009); in Asia: China, Lebanon, Russia (Glasze et al. 2006), Israel (Monterescu 2009), Turkey (Akgün and Baycan 2012).
- 7.
The opening scene of the movie The Bonfire of Vanities (1990; directed by Brian de Palma) is a perfect exemplification of the commonplace depiction of the Bronx. The main characters end up inside the Bronx after a wrong turn (ironically, at one of the several motorways used to cross the area without getting into it) and the growing anxiety reaches its climax when they are ultimately assaulted by two Black men.
- 8.
See, for instance, the Olgiata Shopping Plaza near Rome, which resembles a militarised space and was nicknamed, by its designers, ‘Stealth’, like the American fighter. See some pictures at www.lad.roma.it/html_version/?page_id=218. Accessed 15 Nov 2015.
- 9.
Even a ‘progressive’ think-tank, the Urban Institute, has released a guide on how to prevent panhandling (La Vigne et al. 2007), including it in a series about ‘safe cities’ and ‘crime prevention’.
- 10.
Recently, the installation of anti-homeless studs in London caused much debate (Batty 2014).
- 11.
A powerful picture of this is offered by the movie La Haine (1995; directed by Mathieu Kassovitz), which depicts the daily life of a group of youths in Paris’ banlieues.
- 12.
To name the most relevant, the renewal of the historic port La Cala, the creation of a park in the Foro Italico, the restoration of the historic fortress Castello a Mare, the renovation of the cruise terminal.
- 13.
To name the most relevant, a parking in public–private partnership and several retail facilities of national and global firms.
- 14.
Declared by some local media.
- 15.
In the past, similar attempts by local governments failed after haveing been strongly contested by local retailers, concerned about losing customers who were accustomed to driving up to the shop entrance.
- 16.
From the post and thread, 7 December 2009; my translation (available at http://palermo.mobilita.org/2009/12/07/isola-pedonale-e-ambulanti/; accessed 15 Nov 2015).
- 17.
I registered myself on the website from Italy in 2010.
- 18.
Ironically, the system was shut down in 2014 after fund cuts by the national Department of Homeland Security, in part because of criticisms about issues of civil liberties, but more importantly because of dramatic drops in web traffic after the enthusiastic participation of thousands of ‘virtual deputies’ during the first months (Grisson 2009).
- 19.
In June 2013, Edward Snowden, a former contractor for CIA, leaked documents about illegal surveillance programmes over private communications implemented by the US and UK governments.
- 20.
- 21.
Passive citizenship is characterised by those practices that do not explicitly question social relationships, whereas protests, as well as civic and political activism, constitute practices of active citizenship.
- 22.
See Maguire (2014) for a similar argument grounded on a critical anthropology of airport security and technologisation thereof.
- 23.
See Tulumello (2013) for an in-depth account.
- 24.
Monitoring: the city airport motorway, the areas surrounding the football stadium during sport events, the recently renewed public space in the historic port of La Cala, an industrial zone in the southern district of Brancaccio and a restricted traffic area (in this latter case, cameras have not been functioning since 2008, but have not been removed so far).
- 25.
The president of the Association of Retailers in the Bairro Alto district stated in an interview that this was the mayor’s reaction to the association’s request to implement a CCTV system in their district.
- 26.
This is an updated and extended version of the debate in Tulumello (2015a, 267).
- 27.
Examples of such hyper-connected networks of control can be found in fiction, like in the movie Enemy of the State (1998; directed by Tony Scott) or the TV series Person of Interest.
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Tulumello, S. (2017). Fearscapes: Urban Space and the Landscapes of Fear. In: Fear, Space and Urban Planning. UNIPA Springer Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43937-2_4
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