Abstract
In this section we focus on the use of transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) to measure the XAS spectra. In the last decade a range of soft X-ray and hard X-ray TXM microscopes have been developed, allowing the measurement of XAS spectra with 10–100 nm resolution. In the hard X-ray range the TXM experiments pose the same restrictions on in situ experiments as bulk XAS experiments, allowing experiments with capillaries to study catalysts under working conditions. In the soft X-ray range, dedicated transmission nanoreactors are needed. Considering catalysts the main result the in situ TXM experiments are the determination of nanometer range variations of catalysts under working conditions. An important property of X-rays is their short wavelength below 1 nm. This allows direct imaging of catalysts in scanning mode or full field mode. In contrast, visible light with an energy of 1 eV has a diffraction limited resolution of approximately 500 nm and VUV light with an energy of 10 eV has a diffraction limit of ~50 nm.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rehbein S, Heim S, Guttmann P, Werner S, Schneider G (2009) Ultrahigh-resolution soft-X-ray microscopy with zone plates in high orders of diffraction. Phys Rev Lett 103:110801
de Groot FMF, de Smit E, van Schooneveld MM, Aramburo LR, Weckhuysen BM (2010) In-situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy of catalytic solids and related nanomaterials. ChemPhysChem 11:951
Ade H, Smith AP, Zhang H, Zhuang GR, Kirz J, Rightor E, Hitchcock A (1997) X-ray spectromicroscopy of polymers and tribological surfaces at beamline X1A at the NSLS. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 84:53
Wiesemann U, Thieme J, Guttmann P, Früke R, Rehbein S, Niemann B, Rudolph D, Schmahl G (2003) First results of the new scanning transmission X-ray microscope at BESSY-II. J Phys IV 104:95
Raabe J, Tzvetkov G, Flechsig U, Boge M, Jaggi A, Sarafimov B, Vernooij MGC, Huthwelker T, Ade H, Kilcoyne D, Tyliszczak T, Fink RH, Quitmann C (2008) PolLux: a new facility for soft X-ray spectromicroscopy at the Swiss Light Source. Rev Sci Instrum 79:113704
Kaznatcheev KV, Karunakaran C, Lanke UD, Urquhart SG, Obst M, Hitchcock AP (2007) Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline at the CLS: commissioning results. Nucl Inst Meth A 582:96–99
Warwick T, Ade H, Cerasari S, Denlinger J, Franck K, Garcia A, Hayakawa S, Hitchcock A, Kikuma J, Klingler S, Kortright J, Morisson G, Moronne M, Rightor E, Rotenberg E, Seal S, Shin HJ, Steele WF, Tonner BP (1998) Development of scanning X-ray microscopes for materials science spectromicroscopy at the Advanced Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 5:1090–1092
Warwick T, Ade H, Kilcoyne D, Kritscher M, Tylisczcak T, Fakra S, Hitchcock A, Hitchcock P, Padmore H (2002) A new bend-magnet beamline for scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at the Advanced Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 9:254–257
Chen JG (1997) NEXAFS investigations of transition metal oxides, nitrides, carbides, sulfides and other interstitial compounds. Surf Sci Rep 30:1–152
Ade H, Zhang X, Cameron S, Costello C, Kirz J, Williams S (1992) Chemical contrast in X-ray microscopy and spatially resolved XANES spectroscopy of organic specimens. Science 258:972–975
de Groot F, Kotani A (2008) Core level spectroscopy of solids. Taylor & Francis, New York, p 3
Cramer SP, de Groot FMF, Ma Y, Chen CT, Sette F, Kipke CA, Eichhorn DM, Chan MK, Armstrong WH, Libby E, Christou G, Brooker S, McKee V, Mullins OC, Fuggle JC (1991) Ligand field strengths and oxidation states from manganese L edge spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 113:7937–7940
de Groot F (2005) Multiplet effects in X-ray spectroscopy. Coord Chem Rev 249:31–63
Batson PE, Dellby N, Krivanek OL (2002) Sub-angstrom resolution using aberration corrected electron optics. Nature 418:617–620
Muller DA (2009) Structure and bonding at the atomic scale by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Nat Mater 8:263–270
Muller DA, Kourkoutis LF, Murfitt M, Song JH, Hwang HY, Silcox J, Delby N, Krivanek OL (2008) Atomic-scale chemical imaging of composition and bonding by aberration-corrected microscopy. Science 319:1073–1076
Chao W, Kim J, Rekawa S, Fischer P, Anderson EH (2009) Demonstration of 12 nm resolution Fresnel zone plate lens based soft X-ray microscopy. Opt Express 17:17669–17677
de Smit E, Swart I, Creemer JF, Hoveling GH, Gilles MK, Tyliszczak T, Kooyman PJ, Zandbergen HW, Morin C, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF (2008) Nanoscale chemical imaging of a working catalyst by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Nature 456:222
de Smit E, Swart I, Creemer JF, Karunakaran C, Bertwistle D, Zandbergen HW, de Groot FMF, Weckhuysen BM (2009) Nanoscale chemical imaging of the reduction behavior of a single catalyst particle. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:3632–3636
Creemer JF, Helveg S, Hoveling GH, Ullmann S, Molenbroek AM, Sarro PM, Zandbergen HW (2008) Atomic-scale electron microscopy at ambient pressure. Ultramicroscopy 108:993–998
Thomas JM, Hernandez-Garrido JC (2009) Probing solid catalysts under operating conditions: electrons or X-rays? Angew Chem Int Ed 48:3904–3907
Egerton RF, Li P, Malac M (2004) Radiation damage in the TEM and SEM. Micron 35:399–409
Bosman M, Keast VJ, Garcia-Munoz JL, D'Alfonso AJ, Findlay SD, Allen LJ (2007) Two-dimensional mapping of chemical information at atomic resolution. Phys Rev Lett 99:086102
Rightor EG, Hitchcock AP, Ade H, Leapman RD, Urquhart SG, Smith AP, Mitchell G, Fischer D, Shin HJ, Warwick T (1997) Spectromicroscopy of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Phys Chem B 101:1950–1960
Howells MR, Hitchcock AP, Jacobsen CJ (2009) Introduction: special issue on radiation damage. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 170:1–3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Groot, F. (2017). X-Ray Absorption with Transmission X-Ray Microscopes. In: Iwasawa, Y., Asakura, K., Tada, M. (eds) XAFS Techniques for Catalysts, Nanomaterials, and Surfaces. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43866-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43866-5_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43864-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43866-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)