Skip to main content

Considering Risk and Resiliency Among Children of Incarcerated Parents

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Boys and Men in African American Families

Part of the book series: National Symposium on Family Issues ((NSFI,volume 7))

Abstract

The vast and disproportionate incarceration of African American men has sparked research that makes clear the deleterious consequences of incarceration for children of the incarcerated. However, though African American children are more likely than children of other race/ethnic groups to experience parental incarceration, African American children are not a monolithic group, as children in this group have differential risks of being exposed to parental incarceration. To understand the differential risks of experiencing parental incarceration among African American boys, we use data from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) to describe the demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral characteristics that shape African American boys’ risks of exposure to parental incarceration. We argue that to understand how African American boys remain resilient in light of the challenges they face—including parental incarceration—we must first consider their heterogeneous risks of exposure to these challenges. The differences in exposure to challenges (e.g. poverty, violence, and reduced educational opportunities and resources) that shape their risk can guide relevant programs, services, and policies to aid in resiliency for youth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In International encyclopedia of education (Vol. 3, 2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier. (Reprinted in M. Gauvain & M. Cole (Eds.), Readings on the development of children (2nd ed., pp. 37–43). NY: Freeman).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, E. A. (2014). Prisoners in 2013 (NCJ 247282). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. (2013, March). State and local area integrated telephone survey. 2011–2012 National survey of children’s health (Frequently asked questions). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/nsch.htm

  • Crosnoe, R., & Elder, G. H. (2004). Family dynamics, supportive relationships, and educational resilience during adolescence. Journal of Family Issues, 25(5), 571–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. M., & Poehlmann, J. (2010). Children of incarcerated parents: A handbook for researchers and practitioners. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2015). Punishment regimes and the multilevel effects of parental incarceration: Intergenerational, intersectional, and interinstitutional models of social inequality and exclusion. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 135–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., & Mincy, R. B. (2012). Beyond absenteeism: Father incarceration and child development. Demography, 49(1), 49–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haskins, A. (2014). Unintended consequences: Effects of paternal incarceration on child school readiness and later special education placement. Sociological Science, 1(1), 141–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haskins, A. R. (2015). Paternal incarceration and child-reported behavioral functioning at age 9. Social Science Research, 52, 18–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howes, C., & Spieker, S. (2008). Attachment relationships in the context of multiple caregivers. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 317–332). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. I., & Easterling, B. (2012). Understanding unique effects of parental incarceration on children: Challenges, progress, and recommendation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(2), 342–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Stanton, B., & Feigelman, S. (2000). Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over 4 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(1), 49–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Sekol, I. (2012). Children’s antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 175–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (1999). Self-regulation and self-worth of black children reared in economically stressed, rural, single-mother-headed families: The contribution of risk and protective factors. Journal of Family Issues, 20(4), 458–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, B. (2012). Invisible men: Mass incarceration and the myth of black progress. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Travis, J., Western, B., & Redburn, S. (2014). The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turanovic, J. J., Rodriguez, N., & Pratt, T. C. (2012). The collateral consequences of incarceration revisited: A qualitative analysis of the effects of caregivers of children of incarcerated parents. Criminology, 50(4), 913–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K. (in press). The unequal consequences of incarceration for children. Demography.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K., & Haskins, A. R. (2014). Falling behind? Children’s early grade retention after paternal incarceration. Sociology of Education, 87(4), 241–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2015). Detrimental for some? The heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on child well-being. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(1), 125–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C. (2010). Incarceration and stratification. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 387–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. (1992). The children of Kauai: Resiliency and recovery in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13(4), 262–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C. (2009). Parental imprisonment, the prison boom, and the concentration of childhood disadvantage. Demography, 46(2), 265–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal incarceration and children’s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C., Wakefield, S., & Turney, K. (2013). Misidentifying the effects of parental imprisonment? A comment on Johnson and Easterling (2012). Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(1), 252–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C., & Western, B. (2010). Incarceration in Fragile Families. The Future of Children, 20(2), 157–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Y., Brand, J. E., & Jann, B. (2012). Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects with observational data. Sociological Methodology, 42(1), 314–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. A., Bingenheimer, J. B., & Notaro, P. C. (2002). Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: A study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 221–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant from the Foundation for Child Development to Kristin Turney. The authors are grateful to the Data Resource Center for Child and adolescent Health, Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative for providing the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristin Turney .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Turney, K., Adams, B.L. (2016). Considering Risk and Resiliency Among Children of Incarcerated Parents. In: M. Burton, L., Burton, D., M. McHale, S., King, V., Van Hook, J. (eds) Boys and Men in African American Families. National Symposium on Family Issues, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43847-4_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics