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Toxicology of Herbal Products pp 179–215Cite as

Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Herbal Products

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Abstract

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) recorded 14 million new cases of cancer and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths. Remarkably, the WHO estimates that 30 % of cancer mortalities are due to lifestyle choices and environmental factors that can and should be avoided. In line with these recommendations, this chapter discusses the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of herbal products. Although often perceived as innocuous by the general public, many herbs harbor phytochemicals that are either directly reactive towards DNA or likely to disturb cellular homeostasis, cell cycle, and/or genome maintenance mechanisms; this may translate into genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or co-carcinogenicity. Genotoxicity refers to the deleterious effect of a chemical compound or a physical event on the genetic material; such genotoxic events are considered hallmarks of cancer risk. Nevertheless, much of the damage to the genetic material can be efficiently bypassed and/or repaired by the numerous genome maintenance mechanisms of the cell and may not lead to cancer. The long-term safety evaluation is probably better investigated through carcinogenicity, which denotes the capacity of a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances to induce cancer or increase its incidence. The major mechanisms of carcinogenicity are discussed along with biomarkers and approved regulatory guidelines. The recent development of innovative carcinogenicity testing strategies, especially based on functional genomics, are debated and evaluated for possible application to the precocious evaluation of herbal products' long-term safety. Finally, this chapter provides some examples of proven or suspected carcinogenic herbal products reported in the current literature.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    These are not accepted botanical names; Fujita has classified Orthodon species according to their essential oils composition and, to the best of our knowledge, no relationship between botanical identification and essential oil classification has been established (Niir <CitationRef CitationID="CR102" >2003</Citation Ref>).

Abbreviations

2YRB:

2-year rodent bioassay

AA:

Aristolochic acid

AAN:

Aristolochic acid nephropathy

BER:

Base excision repair

CSC:

Cancer stem cells

ECVAM:

European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods

EMA:

European Medicines Agency

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

HMP:

Herbal medicinal products

HMPC:

Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICH:

International Conference on Harmonization

NER:

Nucleotide excision repair

NOAEL:

No observed adverse effect level

OECD:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

PA:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid

PFS:

Plant food supplements

SAR:

Structure-activity relationship

TCM:

Traditional Chinese medicine

TFT:

Trifluorothymidine

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons – UMONS, Mons, Belgium

    Mélanie Poivre, Amandine Nachtergael, Valérian Bunel, Okusa Ndjolo Philippe & Pierre Duez

  2. Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles – ULB, Brussels, Belgium

    Valérian Bunel

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  1. Mélanie Poivre
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  2. Amandine Nachtergael
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  3. Valérian Bunel
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  4. Okusa Ndjolo Philippe
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  5. Pierre Duez
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Correspondence to Pierre Duez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Olavi Pelkonen

  2. Service de Chimie Thérapeutique et de Pharmacognosie, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium

    Pierre Duez

  3. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Pia Maarit Vuorela

  4. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Heikki Vuorela

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Poivre, M., Nachtergael, A., Bunel, V., Philippe, O.N., Duez, P. (2017). Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Herbal Products. In: Pelkonen, O., Duez, P., Vuorela, P., Vuorela, H. (eds) Toxicology of Herbal Products. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43806-1_9

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