Abstract
This chapter examines how plug-in electric vehicles can be managed to balance the fluctuation of renewable electricity sources. The evaluations of this chapter were object of the iZEUS Project “Intelligent Zero Emission Urban System” funded by the German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy. In this context, different control strategies are introduced and, in order to investigate indirect control via electricity tariffs, an electricity market analysis of a system with a high share of generation from renewable electricity sources has been conducted. The analysis uses driving data collected from battery electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles in a research project which means that real charging and driving behavior can be considered. The results show that it is difficult to implement smart charging based on economic arguments because the incentives from day-ahead electricity markets are relatively small. In addition, a novel, autonomous control approach is being discussed for plug-in electric vehicles. While measuring the voltage at the grid connection point, plug-in electric vehicles are able to fully independently generate operation schedules that can avoid load peaks and integrate fluctuating power outputs from distributed renewable generation sources. The results reveal that combining indirect, price-based control to consider the system level with autonomous voltage-based control to consider the situation in distribution grids is a very promising control approach that allows electric vehicles to benefit from sustainable renewable generation and avoids load peaks due to simultaneous charging.
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Notes
- 1.
If onboard metering is available, the vehicle could support the billing process and send information once a week or month (not real time).
- 2.
Driving efficiency quantile = 9.9 kWh/100 km (alpha = 0.2) and quantile = 19.3 kWh/100 km (alpha = 0.9).
- 3.
SOC-Start: Sorted in descending order.
- 4.
SOC-End: Sorted in ascending order.
- 5.
The preproduction Toyota Prius PHV used in iZEUS has an electric range of 14–18 km with a usable battery size of about 2.5 kWh.
- 6.
The battery could be leased.
- 7.
For inductive charging and V2G cases, a simple adaptation of the equations is necessary.
- 8.
The scenario is the same as in [3].
- 9.
Line-to-line voltage: usual low voltage level in Germany.
- 10.
Details are available in [21].
- 11.
OpenMUC is an open-source energy monitoring and control software framework developed at Fraunhofer ISE. See www.openmuc.org.
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Acknowledgements
This work was cofinanced with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) as part of the project iZEUS—intelligent Zero Emission Urban System. The project is conducted in close cooperation with the Adam Opel AG, the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Daimler AG, and the EnBW AG. We thank Martin Wietschel, Kilian Dallmer-Zerbe, and Gillian Bowman-Köhler for their input to the manuscript.
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Dallinger, D., Kohrs, R., Mierau, M., Marwitz, S., Wesche, J. (2017). Plug-In Electric Vehicles’ Automated Charging Control: iZEUS Project. In: Veneri, O. (eds) Technologies and Applications for Smart Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43651-7_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43651-7_6
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