Skip to main content

Infectious Diseases: Superficial Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Therapy in Pediatric Dermatology

Abstract

The focus of this chapter is superficial cutaneous infections due to fungi and the available evidence supporting specific treatments, both medical and surgical, for these conditions in children and adolescents. For some infections, adjunctive therapies are recommended in addition to first-line, second-line, and third-line treatments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hawkins DM, Smidt AC. Superficial fungal infections in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61(2):443–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kelly BP. Superficial fungal infections. Pediatr Rev. 2012;33(4):e22–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Weinberg JM, Koestenblatt EK, Tutrone WD, Tishler HR, Najarian L. Comparison of diagnostic methods in the evaluation of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(2):193–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lilly KK, Koshnick RL, Grill JP, Khalil ZM, Nelson DB, Warshaw EM. Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests for toenail onychomycosis: a repeated-measure, single-blinded, cross-sectional evaluation of 7 diagnostic tests. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(4):620–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Karimzadegan-Nia M, Mir-Amin-Mohammadi A, Bouzari N, Firooz A. Comparison of direct smear, culture and histology for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Australas J Dermatol. 2007;48(1):18–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ekiz O, Sen BB, Rifaioglu EN, Balta I. Trichoscopy in paediatric patients with tinea capitis: a useful method to differentiate from alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(9):1255–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Slowinska M, Rudnicka L, Schwartz RA, Kowalska-Oledzka E, Rakowska A, Sicinska J, et al. Comma hairs: a dermatoscopic marker for tinea capitis: a rapid diagnostic method. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(5 Suppl):S77–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lacarrubba F, Verzi AE, Micali G. Newly described features resulting from high-magnification dermoscopy of tinea capitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(3):308–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gupta AK. Chapter 9: systemic antifungals. In: Wolverton SE, editor. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Elewski BE, Cáceres HW, DeLeon L, El Shimy S, Hunter JA, Korotkiy N, et al. Terbinafine hydrochloride oral granules versus oral griseofulvin suspension in children with tinea capitis: results of two randomized, investigator-blinded, multicenter, international, controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(1):41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tey HL, Tan AS, Chan YC. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing griseofulvin and terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(4):663.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing particular doses of griseofulvin and terbinafine for the treatment of tinea capitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(1):1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Foster KW, Friedlander SF, Panzer H, Ghannoum MA, Elewski BE. A randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of pediatric tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(5):798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dastghaib L, Azizzadeh M, Jafari P. Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis: griseofulvin versus fluconazole. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005;16(1):43–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gupta AK, Dlova N, Taborda P, Morar N, Taborda V, Lynde CW. Once weekly fluconazole is effective in children in the treatment of tinea capitis: a prospective, multicentre study. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(5):965–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gupta AK, Adam P, Dlova N, Lynde CW, Hofstader S, Morar N, et al. Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species: griseofulvin versus the new oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(5):433–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. López-Gómez S, Del Palacio A, Van Cutsem J, Soledad Cuétara M, Iglesias L, Rodriguez-Noriega A. Itraconazole versus griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis: a double-blind randomized study in children. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33(10):743–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gupta AK, Cooper EA. Update in antifungal therapy of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia. 2008;166(5–6):353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chen C, Koch LH, Dice JE, Dempsey KK, Moskowitz AB, Barnes-Eley ML. A randomized, double-blind study comparing the efficacy of selenium sulfide shampoo 1% and ciclopirox shampoo 1% as adjunctive treatments for tinea capitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):459–62. Epub 2010 Aug 24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Keipert JA. Beneficial effect of corticosteroid therapy in microsporum canis kerion. Australas J Dermatol. 1984;25(3):127–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Proudfoot LE, Higgins EM, Morris-Jones R. A retrospective study of the management of pediatric kerion in Trichophyton tonsurans infection. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(6):655–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. El-Gohary M, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Burgess H, Doney L, Stuart B. Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;8:CD009992.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Das S, Barbhuniya JN, Biswas I, Bhattacharya S, Kundu PK. Studies on comparison of the efficacy of terbinafine 1% cream and butenafine 1% cream for the treatment of Tinea cruris. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2010;1(1):8–9. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.73249.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Cole GW, Stricklin G. A comparison of a new oral antifungal, terbinafine, with griseofulvin as therapy for tinea corporis. Arch Dermatol. 1989;125(11):1537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bourlond A, Lachapelle JM, Aussems J, Boyden B, Campaert H, Conincx S, et al. Double-blind comparison of itraconazole with griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Int J Dermatol. 1989;28(6):410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Faergemann J, Mörk NJ, Haglund A, Odegård T. A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136(4):575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bogaert H, Cordero C, Ollague W, Savin RC, Shalita AR, Zaias N. Multicentre double-blind clinical trials of ciclopirox olamine cream 1% in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. J Int Med Res. 1986;14(4):210–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Crawford F, Hollis S. Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18:CD001434.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hart R, Bell-Syer SE, Crawford F, Torgerson DJ, Young P, Russell I. Systematic review of topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the feet. BMJ. 1999;319(7202):79–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Bell-Syer SE, Khan SM, Torgerson DJ. Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD003584.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Johnson AM. Cumulative meta-analysis of systemic antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(3):537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gupta AK, Sibbald RG, Lynde CW, Hull PR, Prussick R, Shear NH, et al. Onychomycosis in children: prevalence and treatment strategies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(3 Pt 1):395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Friedlander SF, Chan YC, Chan YH, Eichenfield LF. Onychomycosis does not always require systemic treatment for cure: a trial using topical therapy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(3):316–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Elewski BE, Rich P, Pollak R, Pariser DM, Watanabe S, Senda H, et al. Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: two phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4):600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Derby R, Rohal P, Jackson C, Beutler A, Olsen C. Novel treatment of onychomycosis using over-the-counter mentholated ointment: a clinical case series. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(1):69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang RN, Wang DK, Zhuo FL, Duan XH, Zhang XY, Zhao JY. Long-pulse Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser treatment for onychomycosis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125(18):3288–91.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hu SW, Bigby M. Pityriasis versicolor: a systematic review of interventions. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(10):1132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gupta AK, Lane D, Paquet M. Systematic review of systemic treatments for tinea versicolor and evidence-based dosing regimen recommendations. J Cutan Med Surg. 2014;18(2):79–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Savin RC, Horwitz SN. Double-blind comparison of 2% ketoconazole cream and placebo in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(3):500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lange DS, Richards HM, Guarnieri J, Humeniuk JM, Savin RC, Reyes BA, et al. Ketoconazole 2% shampoo in the treatment of tinea versicolor: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(6):944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vermeer BJ, Staats CC. The efficacy of a topical application of terbinafine 1% solution in subjects with pityriasis versicolor: a placebo-controlled study. Dermatology. 1997;194 Suppl 1:22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Treatment of tinea versicolor with a new antifungal agent, ciclopirox olamine cream 1%. Clin Ther. 1985;7(5):574.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sánchez JL, Torres VM. Double-blind efficacy study of selenium sulfide in tinea versicolor. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;11(2 Pt 1):235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fredriksson T, Faergemann J. Double-blind comparison of a zinc pyrithione shampoo and its shampoo base in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Cutis. 1983;31(4):436–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Clayton R, Du Vivier A, Savage M. Double-blind trial of 1% clotrimazole cream and Whitfield ointment in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113(6):849–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bamford JT. Treatment of tinea versicolor with sulfur-salicylic shampoo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8(2):211–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Faergemann J, Fredriksson T. Propylene glycol in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;60(1):92–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bonifaz A, Badali H, de Hoog GS, Cruz M, Araiza J, Cruz MA, et al. Tinea nigra by Hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases from Mexico. Stud Mycol. 2008;61:77–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Piliouras P, Allison S, Rosendahl C, Buettner PG, Weedon D. Dermoscopy improves diagnosis of tinea nigra: a study of 50 cases. Australas J Dermatol. 2011;52(3):191–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rosen T, Lingappan A. Rapid treatment of tinea nigra palmaris with ciclopirox olamine gel, 0.77%. Skinmed. 2006;5(4):201–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rossetto AL, Cruz RC, Haddad JV. Double-blind study with topical Isoconazole and Terbinafine for the treatment of one patient with bilateral Tinea nigra plantaris and suggestions for new differential diagnosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2013;55(2):125–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bonifaz A, Badali H, de Hoog GS, Cruz M, Araiza J, Cruz MA, et al. Tinea nigra by Hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases from Mexico. Stud Mycol. 2008;61:77–82. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.07.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Bonifaz A, Gómez-Daza F, Paredes V, Ponce RM. Tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, white piedra, and black piedra. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):140–5. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Pierard GE, Read D, Pierard-Franchimont C, Lother Y, Rurangirwa A, Arrese EJ. Cutaneous manifestations in systemic trichosporonosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1992;17(2):79–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Nahass GT, Rosenberg SP, Leonardi CL, Penneys NS. Disseminated infection with Trichosporon beigelii. Report of a case and review of the cutaneous and histologic manifestations. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129(8):1020–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Richini-Pereira VB, Camargo RM, Bagagli E, Marques SA. White piedra: molecular identification of Trichosporon inkin in members of the same family. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2012;45(3):402–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Guidelines/Outcomes Committee. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: Piedra. Guidelines/Outcomes Committee. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(1):122–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Kiken DA, Sekaran A, Antaya RJ, Davis A, Imaeda S, Silverberg NB. White piedra in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(6):956–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Khandpur S, Reddy BS. Itraconazole therapy for white piedra affecting scalp hair. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(3):415–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kalter DC, Tschen JA, Cernoch PL, McBride ME, Sperber J, Bruce S, et al. Genital white piedra: epidemiology, microbiology, and therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(6):982–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gip L. Black piedra: the first case treated with terbinafine (Lamisil). Br J Dermatol. 1994;130 Suppl 43:26–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hacimustafaoglu M, Celebi S. Candida infections in non-neutropenic children after the neonatal period. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(10):923–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Rowen JL. Mucocutaneous candidiasis. Semin Perinatol. 2003;27(5):406–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Koumantakis EE, Hassan EA, Deligeoroglou EK, Creatsas GK. Vulvovaginitis during childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1997;10(1):39–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lopez Sastre JB, Coto Cotallo GD, Fernandez Colomer B, Grupo de Hospitales C. Neonatal invasive candidiasis: a prospective multicenter study of 118 cases. Am J Perinatol. 2003;20(3):153–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bodey GP, Luna M. Skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis. JAMA. 1974;229(11):1466–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Darmstadt GL, Dinulos JG, Miller Z. Congenital cutaneous candidiasis: clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management guidelines. Pediatrics. 2000;105(2):438–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ahonen P, Myllarniemi S, Sipila I, Perheentupa J. Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(26):1829–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. van de Veerdonk FL, Plantinga TS, Hoischen A, Smeekens SP, Joosten LA, Gilissen C, et al. STAT1 mutations in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(1):54–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Puel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, Wright JF, Liu L, Lim HK, et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science. 2011;332(6025):65–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Nahum A, Bates A, Sharfe N, Roifman CM. Association of the lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, R620W variant, with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(6):1220–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ferwerda B, Ferwerda G, Plantinga TS, Willment JA, van Spriel AB, Venselaar H, et al. Human dectin-1 deficiency and mucocutaneous fungal infections. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(18):1760–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Schelonka RL, Moser SA. Time to positive culture results in neonatal Candida septicemia. J Pediatr. 2003;142(5):564–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. beta-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(6):750–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Tirodker UH, Nataro JP, Smith S, LasCasas L, Fairchild KD. Detection of fungemia by polymerase chain reaction in critically ill neonates and children. J Perinatol. 2003;23(2):117–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hoppe JE. Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompetent infants: a randomized multicenter study of miconazole gel vs. nystatin suspension. The Antifungals Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16(3):288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Boon JM, Lafeber HN, Mannetje AH, van Olphen AH, Smeets HL, Toorman J, et al. Comparison of ketoconazole suspension and nystatin in the treatment of newborns and infants with oral candidosis. Mycoses. 1989;32(6):312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Goins RA, Ascher D, Waecker N, Arnold J, Moorefield E. Comparison of fluconazole and nystatin oral suspensions for treatment of oral candidiasis in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(12):1165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Flynn PM, Cunningham CK, Kerkering T, San Jorge AR, Peters VB, Pitel PA, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompromised children: a randomized, multicenter study of orally administered fluconazole suspension versus nystatin. The Multicenter Fluconazole Study Group. J Pediatr. 1995;127(2):322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;10:CD003940.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hoeger PH, Stark S, Jost G. Efficacy and safety of two different antifungal pastes in infants with diaper dermatitis: a randomized, controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(9):1094–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Bonifaz A, Tirado-Sanchez A, Graniel MJ, Mena C, Valencia A, Ponce-Olivera RM. The efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2%) in diaper dermatitis candidiasis. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(3–4):249–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Spraker MK, Gisoldi EM, Siegfried EC, Fling JA, de Espinosa ZD, Quiring JN, et al. Topical miconazole nitrate ointment in the treatment of diaper dermatitis complicated by candidiasis. Cutis. 2006;77(2):113–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gallup E, Plott T, Ciclopirox TSI. A multicenter, open-label study to assess the safety and efficacy of ciclopirox topical suspension 0.77% in the treatment of diaper dermatitis due to Candida albicans. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(1):29–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. American Academy of Pediatrics. Antimicrobial agents and related therapy. In: Pickering LK, editor. Red book: 2009 report of the committee on infectious diseases, 28th. Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009. p. 737.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Watson MC, Grimshaw JM, Bond CM, Mollison J, Ludbrook A. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD002845.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Sobel JD, Brooker D, Stein GE, Thomason JL, Wermeling DP, Bradley B, et al. Single oral dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Fluconazole Vaginitis Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(4 Pt 1):1263–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Tezerjani FZ. Oral fluconazole 150mg single dose versus intra-vaginal clotrimazole treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Infect Public Health. 2011;4(4):195–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Mendling W, Krauss C, Fladung B. A clinical multicenter study comparing efficacy and tolerability of topical combination therapy with clotrimazole (Canesten, two formats) with oral single dose fluconazole (Diflucan) in vulvovaginal mycoses. Mycoses. 2004;47(3–4):136–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Slavin MB, Benrubi GI, Parker R, Griffin CR, Magee MJ. Single dose oral fluconazole vs intravaginal terconazole in treatment of Candida vaginitis. Comparison and pilot study. J Fla Med Assoc. 1992;79(10):693–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Corson SL, Kapikian RR, Nehring R. Terconazole and miconazole cream for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis. A comparison. J Reprod Med. 1991;36(8):561–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin Jr DK, Calandra TF, Edwards Jr JE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(5):503–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sobel JD, Kapernick PS, Zervos M, Reed BD, Hooton T, Soper D, et al. Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(2):363–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Sobel JD, Wiesenfeld HC, Martens M, Danna P, Hooton TM, Rompalo A, et al. Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(9):876–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rosa MI, Silva BR, Pires PS, Silva FR, Silva NC, Silva FR, et al. Weekly fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;167(2):132–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Karlowicz MG, Hashimoto LN, Kelly Jr RE, Buescher ES. Should central venous catheters be removed as soon as candidemia is detected in neonates? Pediatrics. 2000;106(5):E63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Butler KM, Rench MA, Baker CJ. Amphotericin B as a single agent in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9(1):51–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hall JE, Cox F, Karlson K, Robertson A. Amphotericin B dosage for disseminated candidiasis in premature infants. J Perinatol. 1987;7(3):194–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Ascher SB, Smith PB, Watt K, Benjamin DK, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Clark RH, et al. Antifungal therapy and outcomes in infants with invasive Candida infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(5):439–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Le J, Adler-Shohet FC, Nguyen C, Lieberman JM. Nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B deoxycholate in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(12):1061–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Driessen M, Ellis JB, Cooper PA, Wainer S, Muwazi F, Hahn D, et al. Fluconazole vs. amphotericin B for the treatment of neonatal fungal septicemia: a prospective randomized trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15(12):1107–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Wainer S, Cooper PA, Gouws H, Akierman A. Prospective study of fluconazole therapy in systemic neonatal fungal infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16(8):763–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Wade KC, Benjamin Jr DK, Kaufman DA, Ward RM, Smith PB, Jayaraman B, et al. Fluconazole dosing for the prevention or treatment of invasive candidiasis in young infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(8):717–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Baley JE, Meyers C, Kliegman RM, Jacobs MR, Blumer JL. Pharmacokinetics, outcome of treatment, and toxic effects of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in neonates. J Pediatr. 1990;116(5):791–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Manzoni P, Wu C, Tweddle L, Roilides E. Micafungin in premature and non-premature infants: a systematic review of 9 clinical trials. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(11):e291–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Odio CM, Araya R, Pinto LE, Castro CE, Vasquez S, Alfaro B, et al. Caspofungin therapy of neonates with invasive candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(12):1093–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Natarajan G, Lulic-Botica M, Rongkavilit C, Pappas A, Bedard M. Experience with caspofungin in the treatment of persistent fungemia in neonates. J Perinatol. 2005;25(12):770–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kirkpatrick CH. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(2):197–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kamai Y, Maebashi K, Kudoh M, Makimura K, Naka W, Uchida K, et al. Characterization of mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in a Candida albicans isolate from a Japanese patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48(12):937–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rautemaa R, Richardson M, Pfaller MA, Perheentupa J, Saxen H. Activity of amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, posaconazole, and voriconazole against Candida albicans with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole from APECED patients on long-term azole treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;62(2):182–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kiran Motaparthi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Motaparthi, K. (2017). Infectious Diseases: Superficial Fungal Infections. In: Teng, J., Marqueling, A., Benjamin, L. (eds) Therapy in Pediatric Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43630-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43630-2_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43628-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43630-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics