Skip to main content

Neuroblastoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Radiation Oncology

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

  • 1455 Accesses

Abstract

Approximately 650 cases of neuroblastoma are diagnosed in the United States each year. With an incidence of 10.2 cases per million, it is the most common cancer that arises during the first year of life and the most common extracranial solid malignancy, representing 8–10% of all pediatric malignancies. Neuroblastoma is also responsible for 15% of childhood cancer mortality (Attiyeh et al. 2005; Brodeur 1997; Maris 2010). The median age at diagnosis is 17 months, and the incidence of the disease quickly dissipates with increasing age (Fig. 5.1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abemayor E (1992) The effects of retinoic acid on the in vitro and in vivo growth of neuroblastoma cells. Laryngoscope 102:1133–1149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Acharya S, Sarafoglou K, Laquaglia M, Lindsley S, Gerald W, Wollner N, Tan C, Sklar C (2003) Thyroid neoplasms after therapeutic radiation for malignancies during childhood or adolescence. Cancer 97:2397–2403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albertini MR, Hank JA, Schiller JH, Khorsand M, Borchert AA, Gan J, Bechhofer R, Storer B, Reisfeld RA, Sondel PM (1997) Phase IB trial of chimeric antidisialoganglioside antibody plus interleukin 2 for melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 3:1277–1288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DJ, Axel R (1986) A bipotential neuroendocrine precursor whose choice of cell fate is determined by NGF and glucocorticoids. Cell 47:1079–1090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DJ, Carnahan JF, Michelsohn A, Patterson PH (1991) Antibody markers identify a common progenitor to sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells in vivo and reveal the timing of commitment to neuronal differentiation in the sympathoadrenal lineage. J Neurosci 11:3507–3519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf K, Shaikh F, Gibson P, Baruchel S, Irwin MS (2013) Treatment with topotecan plus cyclophosphamide in children with first relapse of neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60:1636–1641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attiyeh EF, London WB, Mosse YP, Wang Q, Winter C, Khazi D, Mcgrady PW, Seeger RC, Look AT, Shimada H, Brodeur GM, Cohn SL, Matthay KK, Maris JM (2005) Chromosome 1p and 11q deletions and outcome in neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 353:2243–2253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DL, Schmidt ML, Cohn SL, Maris JM, London WB, Buxton A, Stram D, Castleberry RP, Shimada H, Sandler A, Shamberger RC, Look AT, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC, Matthay KK, Children’s Oncology Group (2010) Outcome after reduced chemotherapy for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 363:1313–1323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barker E, Mueller BM, Handgretinger R, Herter M, Yu AL, Reisfeld RA (1991) Effect of a chimeric anti-ganglioside GD2 antibody on cell-mediated lysis of human neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res 51:144–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bearman SI (1995) The syndrome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after marrow transplantation. Blood 85:3005–3020

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bearman SI, Anderson GL, Mori M, Hinds MS, Shulman HM, Mcdonald GB (1993) Venoocclusive disease of the liver: development of a model for predicting fatal outcome after marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol 11:1729–1736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolini P, Lassalle M, Mercier G, Raquin MA, Izzi G, Corradini N, Hartmann O (2004) Platinum compound-related ototoxicity in children: long-term follow-up reveals continuous worsening of hearing loss. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26:649–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blakley BW, Myers SF (1993) Patterns of hearing loss resulting from cis-platinum therapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 109:385–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodeur G (1991) Neuroblastoma and other peripheral neuroectodermal tumors. In: Fernbach DJ, Vietti TJ (eds) Clinical pediatric oncology, 4th edn. Mosby Yearbook, St. Louis, MO

    Google Scholar 

  • Bown N, Cotterill S, Lastowska M, O’neill S, Pearson AD, Plantaz D, Meddeb M, Danglot G, Brinkschmidt C, Christiansen H, Laureys G, Speleman F, Nicholson J, Bernheim A, Betts DR, Vandesompele J, van Roy N (1999) Gain of chromosome arm 17q and adverse outcome in patients with neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 340:1954–1961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradfield SM, Douglas JG, Hawkins DS, Sanders JE, Park JR (2004) Fractionated low-dose radiotherapy after myeloablative stem cell transplantation for local control in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Cancer 100:1268–1275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bresler SC, Weiser DA, Huwe PJ, Park JH, Krytska K, Ryles H, Laudenslager M, Rappaport EF, Wood AC, Mcgrady PW, Hogarty MD, London WB, Radhakrishnan R, Lemmon MA, Mosse YP (2014) ALK mutations confer differential oncogenic activation and sensitivity to ALK inhibition therapy in neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell 26:682–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brock PR, Bellman SC, Yeomans EC, Pinkerton CR, Pritchard J (1991) Cisplatin ototoxicity in children: a practical grading system. Med Pediatr Oncol 19:295–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur G (1997) Neuroblastoma. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds) Principles and practices of pediatrics, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, Carlsen NL, Castel V, Castelberry RP, de Bernardi B, Evans AE, Favrot M, Hedborg F et al (1993) Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol 11:1466–1477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brisse HJ, Mccarville MB, Granata C, Krug KB, Wootton-Gorges SL, Kanegawa K, Giammarile F, Schmidt M, Shulkin BL, Matthay KK, Lewington VJ, Sarnacki S, Hero B, Kaneko M, London WB, Pearson AD, Cohn SL, Monclair T (2011) Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology 261:243–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunin GR, Ward E, Kramer S, Rhee CA, Meadows AT (1990) Neuroblastoma and parental occupation. Am J Epidemiol 131:776–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne J, Fears TR, Gail MH, Pee D, Connelly RR, Austin DF, Holmes GF, Holmes FF, Latourette HB, Meigs JW et al (1992) Early menopause in long-term survivors of cancer during adolescence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:788–793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caron H, van Sluis P, de Kraker J, Bokkerink J, Egeler M, Laureys G, Slater R, Westerveld A, Voute PA, Versteeg R (1996) Allelic loss of chromosome 1p as a predictor of unfavorable outcome in patients with neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 334:225–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carreras E, Bertz H, Arcese W, Vernant JP, Tomas JF, Hagglund H, Bandini G, Esperou H, Russell J, de la Rubia J, di Girolamo G, Demuynck H, Hartmann O, Clausen J, Ruutu T, Leblond V, Iriondo A, Bosi A, Ben-Bassat I, Koza V, Gratwohl A, Apperley JF (1998) Incidence and outcome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after blood or marrow transplantation: a prospective cohort study of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Chronic Leukemia Working Party. Blood 92:3599–3604

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cecchetto G, Mosseri V, de Bernardi B, Helardot P, Monclair T, Costa E, Horcher E, Neuenschwander S, Toma P, Rizzo A, Michon J, Holmes K (2005) Surgical risk factors in primary surgery for localized neuroblastoma: the LNESG1 study of the European International Society of Pediatric Oncology Neuroblastoma Group. J Clin Oncol 23:8483–8489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Takita J, Choi YL, Kato M, Ohira M, Sanada M, Wang L, Soda M, Kikuchi A, Igarashi T, Nakagawara A, Hayashi Y, Mano H, Ogawa S (2008) Oncogenic mutations of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma. Nature 455:971–974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung NK, Kushner BH (2002) Risks outweighed benefits from local radiation for non-stage 4 neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54:1575; author reply 1575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung NK, Kushner BH, Cheung IY, Kramer K, Canete A, Gerald W, Bonilla MA, Finn R, Yeh SJ, Larson SM (1998) Anti-G(D2) antibody treatment of minimal residual stage 4 neuroblastoma diagnosed at more than 1 year of age. J Clin Oncol 16:3053–3060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung NK, Lazarus H, Miraldi FD, Abramowsky CR, Kallick S, Saarinen UM, Spitzer T, Strandjord SE, Coccia PF, Berger NA (1987) Ganglioside GD2 specific monoclonal antibody 3F8: a phase I study in patients with neuroblastoma and malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 5:1430–1440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung NK, Zhang J, Lu C, Parker M, Bahrami A, Tickoo SK, Heguy A, Pappo AS, Federico S, Dalton J, Cheung IY, Ding L, Fulton R, Wang J, Chen X, Becksfort J, Wu J, Billups CA, Ellison D, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Dyer MA (2012) Association of age at diagnosis and genetic mutations in patients with neuroblastoma. JAMA 307:1062–1071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chu CM, Rasalkar DD, Hu YJ, Cheng FW, Li CK, Chu WC (2011) Clinical presentations and imaging findings of neuroblastoma beyond abdominal mass and a review of imaging algorithm. Br J Radiol 84:81–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coco S, Theissen J, Scaruffi P, Stigliani S, Moretti S, Oberthuer A, Valdora F, Fischer M, Gallo F, Hero B, Bonassi S, Berthold F, Tonini GP (2012) Age-dependent accumulation of genomic aberrations and deregulation of cell cycle and telomerase genes in metastatic neuroblastoma. Int J Cancer 131:1591–1600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen LE, Gordon JH, Popovsky EY, Gunawardene S, Duffey-Lind E, Lehmann LE, Diller LR (2014) Late effects in children treated with intensive multimodal therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma: high incidence of endocrine and growth problems. Bone Marrow Transplant 49:502–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppell JA, Richardson PG, Soiffer R, Martin PL, Kernan NA, Chen A, Guinan E, Vogelsang G, Krishnan A, Giralt S, Revta C, Carreau NA, Iacobelli M, Carreras E, Ruutu T, Barbui T, Antin JH, Niederwieser D (2010) Hepatic veno-occlusive disease following stem cell transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and outcome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16:157–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vathaire F, Francois P, Schweisguth O, Oberlin O, Le MG (1988) Irradiated neuroblastoma in childhood as potential risk factor for subsequent thyroid tumour. Lancet 2:455

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H, Pekmezci M, Rice T, Kosel ML, Smirnov IV, Sarkar G, Caron AA, Kollmeyer TM, Praska CE, Chada AR, Halder C, Hansen HM, Mccoy LS, Bracci PM, Marshall R, Zheng S, Reis GF, Pico AR, O’neill BP, Buckner JC, Giannini C, Huse JT, Perry A, Tihan T, Berger MS, Chang SM, Prados MD, Wiemels J, Wiencke JK, Wrensch MR, Jenkins RB (2015) Glioma groups based on 1p/19q, Idh, and TERT promoter mutations in tumors. N Engl J Med 372:2499–2508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Englum BR, Rialon KL, Speicher PJ, Gulack B, Driscoll TA, Kreissman SG, Rice HE (2015) Value of surgical resection in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62:1529–1535

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans AE, D’angio GJ, Randolph J (1971) A proposed staging for children with neuroblastoma. Children’s cancer study group A. Cancer 27:374–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fishel Ben Kenan R, Polishchuk AL, Hawkins RA, Braunstein SE, Matthay KK, Dubois SG, Haas-Kogan DA (2015) Anatomic patterns of relapse and progression following treatment with 131I–MIBG in metastatic neuroblastoma. ASTRO annual meeting 2015, San Antonio, TX

    Google Scholar 

  • French AE, Irwin MS, Navarro OM, Greenberg M, Nathan PC (2012) Long-term hepatic outcomes in survivors of stage 4S and 4 neuroblastoma in infancy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58:283–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuji H, Schneider U, Ishida Y, Konno M, Yamashita H, Kase Y, Murayama S, OnoeT, Ogawa H, Harada H, Asakura H, Nishimura T (2013) Assessment of organ dose reduction and secondary cancer risk associated with the use of proton beam therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy in treatment of neuroblastomas. Radiat Oncol. 1;8:255. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X–8–255. PubMed PMID: 24180282; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4228401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garaventa A, Gambini C, Villavecchia G, di Cataldo A, Bertolazzi L, Pizzitola MR, de Bernardi B, Haupt R (2003) Second malignancies in children with neuroblastoma after combined treatment with 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine. Cancer 97:1332–1338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillies SD, Lo KM, Wesolowski J (1989) High-level expression of chimeric antibodies using adapted cDNA variable region cassettes. J Immunol Methods 125:191–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AA, Capra M, Papaioannou V, Hall G, Maze R, Dix D, Weitzman S (2006) Low incidence of ototoxicity with continuous infusion of cisplatin in the treatment of pediatric germ cell tumors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28:91–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas-Kogan D, Douglas J, London WB, Mccauley van Ryn CJ, von Allmen D, Davidoff AM, Villablanca JG, Matthay KK, Dubois SG, Kreissman SG, La Quaglia MP, Park JR (2014) Extent of lymph node radiation coverage in high-risk neuroblastoma does not affect clinical outcome: a report from the COG A3973 study. ASTRO 2014, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, San Francisco, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas-Kogan DA, Swift PS, Selch M, Haase GM, Seeger RC, Gerbing RB, Stram DO, Matthay KK (2003) Impact of radiotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma: a Children’s Cancer Group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:28–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin EC, Constine LS, Tarbell NJ, Kun LE (2011) Pediatric radiation oncology. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Handgretinger R, Anderson K, Lang P, Dopfer R, Klingebiel T, Schrappe M, Reuland P, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA, Neithammer D (1995) A phase I study of human/mouse chimeric antiganglioside GD2 antibody ch14.18 in patients with neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 31a:261–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hank JA, Robinson RR, Surfus J, Mueller BM, Reisfeld RA, Cheung NK, Sondel PM (1990) Augmentation of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity following in vivo therapy with recombinant interleukin 2. Cancer Res 50:5234–5239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hass-Kogan D, Douglas J, London WB, van Ryn C, von Allman D, Davidoff A, Villablanca JG, Matthay KK, Dubois SG, Kreissman S, La Quiglia MP, Park J (2014) Extent of lymph node radiation coverage in high-risk neuroblastoma does not affect clinical outcome: a report from the COG A3973 study. ASTRO annual meeting 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattangadi JA, Rombi B, Yock TI, Broussard G, Friedmann AM, Huang M, Chen YL, Lu HM, Kooy H, Macdonald SM (2012) Proton radiotherapy for high-risk pediatric neuroblastoma: early outcomes and dose comparison. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:1015–1022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill-Kayser C, Tochner Z, Both S, Lustig R, Reilly A, Balamuth N, Womer R, Maris J, Grupp S, Bagatell R (2013) Proton versus photon radiation therapy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma: the need for a customized approach. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60:1606–1611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hovi L, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Vettenranta K, Lipsanen M, Tapanainen P (1999) Growth in children with poor-risk neuroblastoma after regimens with or without total body irradiation in preparation for autologous bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 24:1131–1136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilveskoski I, Saarinen UM, Wiklund T, Perkkio M, Salmi TT, Lanning M, Makipernaa A, Pihko H (1996) Ototoxicity in children with malignant brain tumors treated with the “8 in 1” chemotherapy protocol. Med Pediatr Oncol 27:26–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janoueix-Lerosey I, Lequin D, Brugieres L, Ribeiro A, de Pontual L, Combaret V, Raynal V, Puisieux A, Schleiermacher G, Pierron G, Valteau-Couanet D, Frebourg T, Michon J, Lyonnet S, Amiel J, Delattre O (2008) Somatic and germline activating mutations of the ALK kinase receptor in neuroblastoma. Nature 455:967–970

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson CC, Spitz MR (1985) Neuroblastoma: case-control analysis of birth characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 74:789–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RJ, Lee KS, Beschorner WE, Vogel VG, Grochow LB, Braine HG, Vogelsang GB, Sensenbrenner LL, Santos GW, Saral R (1987) Venoocclusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 44:778–783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandula S, Sutter A, Prabhu RS, Jegadeesh N, Esiashvili N (2015) Reassessing dose constraints of organs at risk in children with abdominal neuroblastoma treated with definitive radiation therapy: a correlation with late toxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62:970–975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan MM, Garnick MB, Gelber R, Li FP, Cassady JR, Sallan SE, Fine WE, Sack MJ (1983) Risk factors for thyroid abnormalities after neck irradiation for childhood cancer. Am J Med 74:272–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendra K, Malkovska V, Allen M, Guzman J, Albertini M (1999) In vivo binding and antitumor activity of Ch14.18. J Immunother 22:423–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney H, Faix R, Brazy J (1980) The fetal alcohol syndrome and neuroblastoma. Pediatrics 66:130–132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight KR, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA (2005) Ototoxicity in children receiving platinum chemotherapy: underestimating a commonly occurring toxicity that may influence academic and social development. J Clin Oncol 23:8588–8596

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer K, Kushner B, Heller G, Cheung NK (2001) Neuroblastoma metastatic to the central nervous system. The memorial sloan-kettering cancer center experience and a literature review. Cancer 91:1510–1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer S, Ward E, Meadows AT, Malone KE (1987) Medical and drug risk factors associated with neuroblastoma: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:797–804

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BH, Budnick A, Kramer K, Modak S, Cheung NK (2006a) Ototoxicity from high-dose use of platinum compounds in patients with neuroblastoma. Cancer 107:417–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BH, Cheung NK, Kramer K, Heller G, Jhanwar SC (1998) Neuroblastoma and treatment-related myelodysplasia/leukemia: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience and a literature review. J Clin Oncol 16:3880–3889

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BH, Kramer K, Modak S, Cheung NK (2006b) Irinotecan plus temozolomide for relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 24:5271–5276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BH, Wolden S, Laquaglia MP, Kramer K, Verbel D, Heller G, Cheung NK (2001a) Hyperfractionated low-dose radiotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma after intensive chemotherapy and surgery. J Clin Oncol 19:2821–2828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BH, Yeung HW, Larson SM, Kramer K, Cheung NK (2001b) Extending positron emission tomography scan utility to high-risk neuroblastoma: fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as sole imaging modality in follow-up of patients. J Clin Oncol 19:3397–3405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labrosse EH, Comoy E, Bohuon C, Zucker JM, Schweisguth O (1976) Catecholamine metabolism in neuroblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 57:633–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladenstein R, Pötschger R (2011) Results from the HR-NBL1/SIOPEN Trial. ASCO 2011 annual meeting, Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Landier W, Knight K, Wong FL, Lee J, Thomas O, Kim H, Kreissman SG, Schmidt ML, Chen L, London WB, Gurney JG, Bhatia S (2014) Ototoxicity in children with high-risk neuroblastoma: prevalence, risk factors, and concordance of grading scales—a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 32:527–534

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laverdiere C, Cheung NK, Kushner BH, Kramer K, Modak S, Laquaglia MP, Wolden S, Ness KK, Gurney JG, Sklar CA (2005) Long-term complications in survivors of advanced stage neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 45:324–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Dourin N (1999) The neural crest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis MJ, Dubois SG, Fligor B, Li X, Goorin A, Grier HE (2009) Ototoxicity in children treated for osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52:387–391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Womer RB, Silber JH (2004) Predicting cisplatin ototoxicity in children: the influence of age and the cumulative dose. Eur J Cancer 40:2445–2451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maris JM (2010) Recent advances in neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 362:2202–2211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matthay KK, Atkinson JB, Stram DO, Selch M, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC (1993) Patterns of relapse after autologous purged bone marrow transplantation for neuroblastoma: a Childrens Cancer Group pilot study. J Clin Oncol 11:2226–2233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthay KK, Edeline V, Lumbroso J, Tanguy ML, Asselain B, Zucker JM, Valteau-Couanet D, Hartmann O, Michon J (2003) Correlation of early metastatic response by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy with overall response and event-free survival in stage IV neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 21:2486–2491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthay KK, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC, Shimada H, Adkins ES, Haas-Kogan D, Gerbing RB, London WB, Villablanca JG (2009) Long-term results for children with high-risk neuroblastoma treated on a randomized trial of myeloablative therapy followed by 13-cis-retinoic acid: a children’s oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 27:1007–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matthay KK, Sather HN, Seeger RC, Haase GM, Hammond GD (1989) Excellent outcome of stage II neuroblastoma is independent of residual disease and radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 7:236–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthay KK, Villablanca JG, Seeger RC, Stram DO, Harris RE, Ramsay NK, Swift P, Shimada H, Black CT, Brodeur GM, Gerbing RB, Reynolds CP (1999) Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children’s Cancer Group. N Engl J Med 341:1165–1173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mcdonald GB, Sharma P, Matthews DE, Shulman HM, Thomas ED (1984) Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after bone marrow transplantation: diagnosis, incidence, and predisposing factors. Hepatology 4:116–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mcdonald GB, Hinds MS, Fisher LD, Schoch HG, Wolford JL, Banaji M, Hardin BJ, Shulman HM, Clift RA (1993) Veno-occlusive disease of the liver and multiorgan failure after bone marrow transplantation: a cohort study of 355 patients. Ann Intern Med 118:255–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melino G, Thiele CJ, Knight RA, Piacentini M (1997) Retinoids and the control of growth/death decisions in human neuroblastoma cell lines. J Neuro-Oncol 31:65–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michalek AM, Buck GM, Nasca PC, Freedman AN, Baptiste MS, Mahoney MC (1996) Gravid health status, medication use, and risk of neuroblastoma. Am J Epidemiol 143:996–1001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monclair T, Brodeur GM, Ambros PF, Brisse HJ, Cecchetto G, Holmes K, Kaneko M, London WB, Matthay KK, Nuchtern JG, von Schweinitz D, Simon T, Cohn SL, Pearson AD (2009) The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) staging system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol 27:298–303

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Molenaar JJ, Koster J, Zwijnenburg DA, Van Sluis P, Valentijn LJ, Van der Ploeg I, Hamdi M, van Nes J, Westerman BA, van Arkel J, Ebus ME, Haneveld F, Lakeman A, Schild L, Molenaar P, Stroeken P, van Noesel MM, Ora I, Santo EE, Caron HN, Westerhout EM, Versteeg R (2012) Sequencing of neuroblastoma identifies chromothripsis and defects in neuritogenesis genes. Nature 483:589–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monclair T, Mosseri V, Cecchetto G, de Bernardi B, Michon J, Holmes K (2015) Influence of image-defined risk factors on the outcome of patients with localised neuroblastoma. A report from the LNESG1 study of the European International Society of Paediatric Oncology Neuroblastoma Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62:1536–1542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montaguti M, Brandolini C, Ferri GG, Hatzopoulos S, Prete A, Pession A (2002) Cisplatin and carboplatin-induced ototoxicity in children: clinical aspects and perspectives for prevention. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 22:14–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosse YP, Laudenslager M, Khazi D, Carlisle AJ, Winter CL, Rappaport E, Maris JM (2004) Germline PHOX2B mutation in hereditary neuroblastoma. Am J Hum Genet 75:727–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mosse YP, Laudenslager M, Longo L, Cole KA, Wood A, Attiyeh EF, Laquaglia MJ, Sennett R, Lynch JE, Perri P, Laureys G, Speleman F, Kim C, Hou C, Hakonarson H, Torkamani A, Schork NJ, Brodeur GM, Tonini GP, Rappaport E, Devoto M, Maris JM (2008) Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene. Nature 455:930–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller BM, Romerdahl CA, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA (1990) Enhancement of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity with a chimeric anti-GD2 antibody. J Immunol 144:1382–1386

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neglia JP, Friedman DL, Yasui Y, Mertens AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, Donaldson SS, Meadows AT, Robison LL (2001) Second malignant neoplasms in five-year survivors of childhood cancer: childhood cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:618–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neglia JP, Smithson WA, Gunderson P, King FL, Singher LJ, Robison LL (1988) Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neuroblastoma. A case-control study Cancer 61:2202–2206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson HJ, Matthay KK, Seeger RC, Brodeur GM, Shimada H, Perez C, Atkinson JB, Selch M, Gerbing RB, Stram DO, Lukens J (2000) Favorable biology and outcome of stage IV-S neuroblastoma with supportive care or minimal therapy: a Children’s Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol 18:477–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuchtern JG, London WB, Barnewolt CE, Naranjo A, Mcgrady PW, Geiger JD, Diller L, Schmidt ML, Maris JM, Cohn SL, Shamberger RC (2012) A prospective study of expectant observation as primary therapy for neuroblastoma in young infants: a Children’s Oncology Group study. Ann Surg 256:573–580

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olshan JS, Willi SM, Gruccio D, Moshang T Jr (1993) Growth hormone function and treatment following bone marrow transplant for neuroblastoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 12:381–385

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pai Panandiker AS, Beltran C, Billups CA, McGregor LM, Furman WL, Davidoff AM (2013) Pediatr Blood Cancer. 60(5):761–765. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24350. Epub 2012 Sep 28. PMID: 23024112

    Google Scholar 

  • Park JR, Villablanca JG, London WB, Gerbing RB, Haas-Kogan D, Adkins ES, Attiyeh EF, Maris JM, Seeger RC, Reynolds CP, Matthay KK, Children’s Oncology Group (2009) Outcome of high-risk stage 3 neuroblastoma with myeloablative therapy and 13-cis-retinoic acid: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52:44–50

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paulino AC, Ferenci MS, Chiang KY, Nowlan AW, Marcus RB Jr. (2006) Comparison of conventional to intensity modulated radiation therapy for abdominal neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 46(7):739–744. PMID: 16302219

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulino AC (2003) Palliative radiotherapy in children with neuroblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 20:111–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulino AC, Fowler BZ (2005) Risk factors for scoliosis in children with neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61:865–869

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulino AC, Mayr NA, Simon JH, Buatti JM (2002) Locoregional control in infants with neuroblastoma: role of radiation therapy and late toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:1025–1031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez CA, Matthay KK, Atkinson JB, Seeger RC, Shimada H, Haase GM, Stram DO, Gerbing RB, Lukens JN (2000) Biologic variables in the outcome of stages I and II neuroblastoma treated with surgery as primary therapy: a children’s cancer group study. J Clin Oncol 18:18–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picco P, Garaventa A, Claudiani F, Gattorno M, de Bernardi B, Borrone C (1995) Primary hypothyroidism as a consequence of 131-I-metaiodobenzylguanidine treatment for children with neuroblastoma. Cancer 76:1662–1664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polishchuk AL, Li R, Hill-Kayser C, Little A, Hawkins RA, Hamilton J, Lau M, Tran HC, Strahlendorf C, Lemons RS, Weinberg V, Matthay KK, Dubois SG, Marcus KJ, Bagatell R, Haas-Kogan DA (2014) Likelihood of bone recurrence in prior sites of metastasis in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 89:839–845

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds CP, Kane DJ, Einhorn PA, Matthay KK, Crouse VL, Wilbur JR, Shurin SB, Seeger RC (1991) Response of neuroblastoma to retinoic acid in vitro and in vivo. Prog Clin Biol Res 366:203–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds CP, Schindler PF, Jones DM, Gentile JL, Proffitt RT, Einhorn PA (1994) Comparison of 13-cis-retinoic acid to trans-retinoic acid using human neuroblastoma cell lines. Prog Clin Biol Res 385:237–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson P, Guinan E (1999) The pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease: current status and novel approaches. Br J Haematol 107:485–493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubino C, Adjadj E, Guerin S, Guibout C, Shamsaldin A, Dondon MG, Valteau-Couanet D, Hartmann O, Hawkins M, de Vathaire F (2003) Long-term risk of second malignant neoplasms after neuroblastoma in childhood: role of treatment. Int J Cancer 107:791–796

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schilling FH, Spix C, Berthold F, Erttmann R, Fehse N, Hero B, Klein G, Sander J, Schwarz K, Treuner J, Zorn U, Michaelis J (2002) Neuroblastoma screening at one year of age. N Engl J Med 346:1047–1053

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz G, Cheresh DA, Varki NM, Yu A, Staffileno LK, Reisfeld RA (1984) Detection of ganglioside GD2 in tumor tissues and sera of neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Res 44:5914–5920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzbaum JA (1992) Influence of the mother’s prenatal drug consumption on risk of neuroblastoma in the child. Am J Epidemiol 135:1358–1367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp SE, Parisi MT, Gelfand MJ, Yanik GA, Shulkin BL (2013) Functional-metabolic imaging of neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 57:6–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada H, Ambros IM, Dehner LP, Hata J, Joshi VV, Roald B, Stram DO, Gerbing RB, Lukens JN, Matthay KK, Castleberry RP (1999) The international neuroblastoma pathology classification (the Shimada system). Cancer 86:364–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada H, Chatten J, Newton WA Jr, Sachs N, Hamoudi AB, Chiba T, Marsden HB, Misugi K (1984) Histopathologic prognostic factors in neuroblastic tumors: definition of subtypes of ganglioneuroblastoma and an age-linked classification of neuroblastomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:405–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidell N (1982) Retinoic acid-induced growth inhibition and morphologic differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. J Natl Cancer Inst 68:589–596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon T, Hero B, Bongartz R, Schmidt M, Muller RP, Berthold F (2006) Intensified external-beam radiation therapy improves the outcome of stage 4 neuroblastoma in children >1 year with residual local disease. Strahlenther Onkol 182:389–394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner R, Pearson AD, Amineddine HA, Mathias DB, Craft AW (1990) Ototoxicity of cisplatinum in children and adolescents. Br J Cancer 61:927–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sklar C (1999) Reproductive physiology and treatment-related loss of sex hormone production. Med Pediatr Oncol 33:2–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A, Stovall M, Green D, Marina N, Greffe B, Wolden S, Robison L (2000) Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin’s disease: data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3227–3232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz MR, Johnson CC (1985) Neuroblastoma and paternal occupation. A case-control analysis. Am J Epidemiol 121:924–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stohr W, Langer T, Kremers A, Bielack S, Lamprecht-Dinnesen A, Frey E, Beck JD (2005) Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in osteosarcoma patients: a report from the late effects surveillance system. Cancer Investig 23:201–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung KW, Son MH, Lee SH, Yoo KH, Koo HH, Kim JY, Cho EJ, Lee SK, Choi YS, Lim DH, Kim JS, Kim DW (2013) Tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma: results of SMC NB-2004 study. Bone Marrow Transplant 48:68–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taunk NK, Kushner B, Ibanez K, Wolden SL (2016) Short-interval retreatment with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pediatric neuroblastoma resulting in severe myositis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 63:731–733

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Santen HM, de Kraker J, van Eck BL, De Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T (2002) High incidence of thyroid dysfunction despite prophylaxis with potassium iodide during (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine treatment in children with neuroblastoma. Cancer 94:2081–2089

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss B, Vora A, Huberty J, Hawkins RA, Matthay KK (2003) Secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia following 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy for relapsed neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25:543–547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins JR 3rd, Hundley VD (1990) Paternal occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and neuroblastoma in offspring. Am J Epidemiol 131:995–1008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willi SM, Cooke K, Goldwein J, August CS, Olshan JS, Moshang T Jr (1992) Growth in children after bone marrow transplantation for advanced neuroblastoma compared with growth after transplantation for leukemia or aplastic anemia. J Pediatr 120:726–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolden SL, Gollamudi SV, Kushner BH, Laquaglia M, Kramer K, Rosen N, Abramson S, Cheung NV (2000) Local control with multimodality therapy for stage 4 neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:969–974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods WG, Gao RN, Shuster JJ, Robison LL, Bernstein M, Weitzman S, Bunin G, Levy I, Brossard J, Dougherty G, Tuchman M, Lemieux B (2002) Screening of infants and mortality due to neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 346:1041–1046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yalcin B, Kremer LC, Caron HN, Van Dalen EC (2013) High-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell rescue for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD006301

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanik GA, Parisi MT, Shulkin BL, Naranjo A, Kreissman SG, London WB, Villablanca JG, Maris JM, Park JR, Cohn SL, Mcgrady P, Matthay KK (2013) Semiquantitative mIBG scoring as a prognostic indicator in patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma: a report from the Children’s oncology group. J Nucl Med 54:541–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu A, Batova A, Alvarado C, Rao VJ, Castleberry RP (1997) Usefulness of a chimeric anti-GD2 (ch14.18) and GM-CSF for refractory neuroblastoma. Proc Am Soc Oncol 6:1846–1846

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu AL, Gilman AL, Ozkaynak MF, London WB, Kreissman SG, Chen HX, Smith M, Anderson B, Villablanca JG, Matthay KK, Shimada H, Grupp SA, Seeger R, Reynolds CP, Buxton A, Reisfeld RA, Gillies SD, Cohn SL, Maris JM, Sondel PM, Children’s Oncology Group (2010) Anti-GD2 antibody with GM-CSF, interleukin-2, and isotretinoin for neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 363:1324–1334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu AL, Uttenreuther-Fischer MM, Huang CS, Tsui CC, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA, Kung FH (1998) Phase I trial of a human-mouse chimeric anti-disialoganglioside monoclonal antibody ch14.18 in patients with refractory neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 16:2169–2180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph Panoff M.D., M.A. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Panoff, J., Lucas, J., Pater, L., Gajjar, S. (2018). Neuroblastoma. In: Merchant, T., Kortmann, RD. (eds) Pediatric Radiation Oncology. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43545-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43545-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43544-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43545-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics