Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Surgical Management of Salivary Gland Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Salivary Gland Development and Regeneration

Abstract

The study of salivary gland tissue and the surgical management of salivary gland pathology are fundamental to the practicing otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon. Traditional surgical intervention for both neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease of the salivary glands includes sialadenectomy, superficial or complete parotidectomy, minor procedures involving the salivary ducts, and procedural interventions for xerostomia and sialorrhea. Recent surgical advances of the salivary glands and ducts such as minimally invasive, endoscopic, and robotic techniques have augmented the surgeon’s armamentarium for managing salivary gland disease. Novel techniques such as salivary gland transfer are also being pioneered. The mechanisms of salivary gland function remain an active research topic, and future applications may include regeneration of functional salivary gland tissue. This chapter briefly reviews the basic surgical anatomy and physiology of the major and minor salivary glands and describes traditional indications for surgical intervention. The recent advances in salivary gland surgery are described, and the chapter concludes by highlighting recent discoveries in the field of salivary gland regeneration. The implications of these advances for the head and neck surgeon and the potential future of surgical management of salivary gland pathology are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Reference

  1. Lydiatt DD, Bucher GS. The historical evolution of the understanding of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Clin Anat. 2012;25:2–11. doi:10.1002/ca.22007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Elluru RG. Physiology of the salivary glands. In: Haughey BH, Robbins KT, editors. Cummings otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2010. p. 1134–42.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Nadershah M, Salama A. Removal of parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2012;24:295–305. doi:10.1016/j.coms.2012.01.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Walvekar RR, Loehn BC, Wilson MN. Anatomy and physiology of the salivary glands. In: Eibling DE, Newlands SD, editors. Bailey’s head neck surgery – otolaryngol. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. p. 691–700.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Carlson GW. The salivary glands. Embryology, anatomy, and surgical applications. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80:261–73. xii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Du Toit DF, Nortje C. Salivary glands: applied anatomy and clinical correlates. SADJ. 2004;59:65–74. doi:10.1017/S000748530002229X.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Holmberg KV, Hoffman MP. Anatomy, biogenesis and regeneration of salivary glands. Monogr Oral Sci. 2014;24:1–13. doi:10.1159/000358776.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Calzada GG, Hanna EY. Benign neoplasms of the salivary glands. In: Haughey BH, Robbins KT, editors. Cummings otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2010. p. 1162–77.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Frommer J. The human accessory parotid gland: its incidence, nature, and significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1977;43:671–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Katz P. Endoscopy of the salivary glands. Ann Radiol (Paris). 1991;34:110–3.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kwak HH, Park HD, Youn KH, Hu KS, Koh KS, Han SH, et al. Branching patterns of the facial nerve and its communication with the auriculotemporal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26:494–500. doi:10.1007/s00276-004-0259-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cannon CR, Replogle WH, Schenk MP. Facial nerve in parotidectomy: a topographical analysis. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:2034–7. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000147943.13052.62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Oh YS, Russel MS, Eisele DW. Salivary gland neoplasms. In: Gourin CG, Pou AM, editors. Bailey’s head neck surgery – otolaryngol. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. p. 1760–87.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zenk J, Hosemann WG, Iro H. Diameters of the main excretory ducts of the adult human submandibular and parotid gland: a histologic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85:576–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85:162–9. doi:10.1067/mpr.2001.113778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Edgar WM. Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: report of a consensus meeting. Br Dent J. 1990;169:96–8. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4807284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mandel ID. The role of saliva in maintaining oral homeostasis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1989;119:298–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Walvekar RR, Bowen MA. Nonneoplastic diseases of the salivary glands. In: Eibling DE, Newlands SD, editors. Bailey’s head neck surgery – otolaryngol. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. p. 702–16.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rogers J, McCaffrey TV. Inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands. In: Haughey BH, Robbins KT, editors. Cummings otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2010. p. 1151–61.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Brook I. Diagnosis and management of parotitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:469–71. doi:file://Z:\References\Text Files\00000003991.txt

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of suppurative sialadenitis. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51:526–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lary BG. Postoperative suppurative parotitis. Arch Surg. 1964;89:653–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Perry RS. Recognition and management of acute suppurative parotitis. Clin Pharm. 1985;4:566–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Iro H. Salivary gland diseases in children. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolarynol. 2014;13:1–30. doi:10.3205/cto000109.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Capaccio P, Sigismund PE, Luca N, Marchisio P, Pignataro L. Modern management of juvenile recurrent parotitis. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126:1254–60. doi:10.1017/S0022215112002319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schneider H, Koch M, Künzel J, Gillespie MB, Grundtner P, Iro H, et al. Juvenile recurrent parotitis: a retrospective comparison of sialendoscopy versus conservative therapy. Laryngoscope. 2014;124:451–5. doi:10.1002/lary.24291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Capaccio P, Torretta S, Ottavian F, Sambataro G, Pignataro L. Modern management of obstructive salivary diseases. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital Organo Uff Della Soc Ital Di Otorinolaringol E Chir Cerv-Facc. 2007;27:161–72.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Drage NA, Brown JE, Escudier MP, McGurk M. Interventional radiology in the removal of salivary calculi. Radiology. 2000;214:139–42. doi:10.1148/radiology.214.1.r00ja02139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kelly IM, Dick R. Technical report: Interventional sialography: dormia basket removal of Wharton’s duct calculus. Clin Radiol. 1991;43:205–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ma Q, Song H. Diagnosis and management of lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31:959–62. doi:10.1007/s00296-010-1617-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cheuk W, Chan JKC. Kuttner tumor of the submandibular gland fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of seven cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:103–8. doi:10.1309/G9T3-22MH-Q7KL-G2DL.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kenefick JS. Some aspects of salivary gland disorders. Proc R Soc Med. 1975;68:283–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Sigismund PE, Zenk J, Koch M, Schapher M, Rudes M, Iro H. Nearly 3,000 salivary stones: some clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:1879–82. doi:10.1002/lary.25377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Marchal F, Dulguerov P. Sialolithiasis management: the state of the art. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:951–6. doi:10.1001/archotol.129.9.951.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Singh PP, Gupta V. Sialendoscopy: introduction, indications and technique. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;66:74–8. doi:10.1007/s12070-013-0675-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kagami H, Wang S, Hai B. Restoring the function of salivary glands. Oral Dis. 2008;14:15–24. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01339.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Denny MC, Fotino AD. The Heerfordt-Waldenström syndrome as an initial presentation of sarcoidosis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013;26:390–2.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Saarilahti K, Kouri M, Collan J, Hämäläinen T, Atula T, Joensuu H, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: evidence for preserved salivary gland function. Radiother Oncol. 2005;74:251–8. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2004.11.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kim JW, Han GS, Lee SH, Lee DY, Kim Y-M. Sialoendoscopic treatment for radioiodine induced sialadenitis. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:133–6. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000247776.72484.62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Caglar M, Tuncel M, Alpar R. Scintigraphic evaluation of salivary gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid cancer after radioiodine treatment. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27:767–71. doi:10.1097/01.RLU.0000031607.42515.B3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hemenway WG, Bergstrom L. Parotid duct fistula: a review. South Med J. 1971;64:912–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lewkowicz AA, Hasson O, Nahlieli O. Traumatic injuries to the parotid gland and duct. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:676–80. doi:10.1053/joms.2002.33118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Work WP. Cysts and congenital lesions of the parotid gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1977;10:339–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Aronsohn RS, Batsakis JG, Rice DH, Work WP. Anomalies of the first branchial cleft. Arch Otolaryngol. 1976;102:737–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Huang S-F, Liao C-T, Chin S-C, Chen I-H. Transoral approach for plunging ranula – 10-year experience. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:53–7. doi:10.1002/lary.20674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Harrison JD. Modern management and pathophysiology of ranula: literature review. Head Neck. 2010;32:1310–20. doi:10.1002/hed.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhao YF, Jia Y, Chen XM, Zhang WF. Clinical review of 580 ranulas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:281–7. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.01.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lai JB, Poon CY. Treatment of ranula using carbon dioxide laser – case series report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;38:1107–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2009.04.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Delbem AC, Cunha RF, Vieira AE, Ribeiro LL. Treatment of mucus retention phenomena in children by the micro-marsupialization technique: case reports. Pediatr Dent. n.d.;22:155–8.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Woo SH, Chi JH, Kim BH, Kwon SK. Treatment of intraoral ranulas with micromarsupialization: clinical outcomes and safety from a phase II clinical trial. Head Neck. 2015;37:197–201. doi:10.1002/hed.23579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rosow DE, Ward RF, April MM. Sialodochostomy as treatment for imperforate submandibular duct: a systematic literature review and report of two cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:1613–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dardick I, Burford-Mason AP. Current status of histogenetic and morphogenetic concepts of salivary gland tumorigenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1993;4:639–77. doi:10.1177/10454411930040050201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Adelstein DJ, Rodriguez CP. What is new in the management of salivary gland cancers?. 2011;23. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e328344f59c.

  54. Sunwoo JB, Lewis Jr JS, McJunkin J, Sequeira S. Malignant neoplasms of the salivary glands. In: Haughey BH, Robbins KT, editors. Cummings otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2010. p. 1178–99.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  55. Guzzo M, Locati LD, Prott FJ, Gatta G, McGurk M, Licitra L. Major and minor salivary gland tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;74:134–48. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.10.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mukunyadzi P, Bardales RH, Palmer HE, Stanley MW. Tissue effects of salivary gland fine-needle aspiration. Does this procedure preclude accurate histologic diagnosis? Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114:741–5. doi:10.1309/NR4U-70L7-MBDG-DXTL.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ethunandan M, Pratt CA, Higgins B, Morrison A, Umar T, Macpherson DW, et al. Factors influencing the occurrence of multicentric and “recurrent” Warthin’s tumour: a cross sectional study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:831–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2008.05.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ghosh-Laskar S, Murthy V, Wadasadawala T, Agarwal J, Budrukkar A, Patil N, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland: factors affecting outcome. Head Neck. 2011;33:497–503. doi:10.1002/hed.21477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Heeneman H. Identification of the facial nerve in parotid surgery. Can J Otolaryngol. 1975;4:145–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Casani AP, Cerchiai N, Dallan I, Seccia V, Franceschini SS, Unit O. Benign tumours affecting the deep lobe of the parotid gland: how to select the optimal surgical approach. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2015;35:80–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Koch M, Zenk J, Iro H. Long-term results of morbidity after parotid gland surgery in benign disease. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:724–30. doi:10.1002/lary.20822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Guntinas-Lichius O, Gabriel B, Klussmann JP. Risk of facial palsy and severe Frey’s syndrome after conservative parotidectomy for benign disease: analysis of 610 operations. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006;126:1104–9. doi:10.1080/00016480600672618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Li C, Zhang Q, Li L, Shi Z. Interventions for the treatment of Frey’s syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;7:CD009959.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Baillarger M. Mémoire sur l’oblitération du canal Sténon. Gaz Médicale Paris. 1853;23:194–7.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Frey L. Le syndrome du nerf auriculo-temporal. Rev Neurol. 1923;2:97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Marchal F, Becker M, Dulguerov P, Lehmann W. Interventional sialendoscopy. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:318–20. doi:10.1097/00005537-200002010-00026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Atienza G, López-Cedrún JL. Management of obstructive salivary disorders by sialendoscopy: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;53:507–19. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.02.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Karl Storz GmbH and Co. KG G. Telescopes and instruments for sialendoscopy. KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. Catalog of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 3rd ed. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Bruch JM, Setlur J. Pediatric sialendoscopy. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;73:149–52. doi:10.1159/000334474.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gourin CG, Terris DJ. Surgical robotics in otolaryngology: expanding the technology envelope. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12:204–8. doi:00020840-200406000-00010 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Baek C-H, Jeong H-S. Endoscope-assisted submandibular sialadenectomy: a new minimally invasive approach to the submandibular gland. Am J Otolaryngol. 2006;27:306–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2005.11.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chen M-K. Minimally invasive endoscopic resection of the submandibular gland. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2008;19:33–5. doi:10.1016/j.otot.2008.03.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Song CM, Jung YH, Sung M-W, Kim KH. Endoscopic resection of the submandibular gland via a hairline incision: a new surgical approach. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:970–4. doi:10.1002/lary.20865.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Parente Arias PL, Fernández Fernández MM, Varela Vázquez P, de Diego Muñoz B. Minimally invasive video-assisted submandibular sialadenectomy: surgical technique and results from two institutions. Surg Endosc. 2015; doi:10.1007/s00464-015-4604-0.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Beahm DD, Peleaz L, Nuss DW, Schaitkin B, Sedlmayr JC, Rivera-Serrano CM, et al. Surgical approaches to the submandibular gland: a review of literature. Int J Surg. 2009;7:503–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.09.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ruscito P, Pichi B, Marchesi P, Spriano G. Minimally invasive video-assisted submandibular sialoadenectomy: a preliminary report. J Craniofac Surg. 2007;18:1142–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kim HS, Chung SM, Pae SY, Park HS. Endoscope assisted submandibular sialadenectomy: the face-lift approach. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268:619–22. doi:10.1007/s00405-010-1392-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. De Virgilio A, Park YM, Kim WS, Lee SY, Seol JH, Kim S-H. Robotic sialoadenectomy of the submandibular gland via a modified face-lift approach. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:1325–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2012.04.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Terris DJ. Surgical robotics in otolaryngology. In: Flint PW, editor. Cummings Otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2010. p. 38–44.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  80. Maan ZN, Gibbins N, Al-Jabri T, D’Souza AR. The use of robotics in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery: a systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol Head Neck Med Surg. 2012;33:137–46. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2011.04.003.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Haus BM, Kambham N, Le D, Moll FM, Gourin C, Terris DJ. Surgical robotic applications in otolaryngology. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:1139–44. doi:10.1097/00005537-200307000-00008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Terris DJ, Haus BM, Gourin CG, Lilagan PE. Endo-robotic resection of the submandibular gland in a cadaver model. Head Neck. 2005;27:946–51. doi:10.1002/hed.20273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee HS, Park DY, Hwang CS, Bae SH, Suh MJ, Koh YW, et al. Feasibility of robot-assisted submandibular gland resection via retroauricular approach: preliminary results. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:369–73. doi:10.1002/lary.23321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Walvekar RR, Tyler PD, Tammareddi N, Peters G. Robotic-assisted transoral removal of a submandibular megalith. Laryngoscope. 2011;121:534–7. doi:10.1002/lary.21356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Razavi C, Pascheles C, Samara G, Marzouk M. Robot-assisted sialolithotomy with sialendoscopy for the management of large submandibular gland stones. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:345–51. doi:10.1002/lary.25396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Walvekar RR, Peters G, Hardy E, Alsfeld L, Stromeyer FW, Anderson D, et al. Robotic-assisted transoral removal of a bilateral floor of mouth ranulas. World J Surg Oncol. 2011;9:78. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-9-78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A, Coia L, Goitein M, Munzenrider JE, et al. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21:109–22. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(91)90171-Y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhuang L, Yang Z, Zeng X, Zhua X, Chen Z, Liu L, et al. The preventive and therapeutic effect of acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2013;12:197–205. doi:10.1177/1534735412451321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kałuzny J, Wierzbicka M, Nogala H, Milecki P, Kopeć T. Radiotherapy induced xerostomia: mechanisms, diagnostics, prevention and treatment – evidence based up to 2013. Otolaryngol Pol. 2014;68:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.otpol.2013.09.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hackett KL, Deane KHO, Strassheim V, Deary V, Rapley T, Newton JL, et al. A systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions for primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:2025–32. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Li L, Tian G, He J. The standardization of acupuncture treatment for radiation-induced xerostomia: a literature review. Chin J Integr Med. 2015; doi:10.1007/s11655-015-2145-y.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Furness S, Worthington H V, Bryan G, Birchenough S, McMillan R. Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD008934. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008934.pub2.

  93. Jha N, Seikaly H, McGaw T, Coulter L. Submandibular Salivary Glanf Transfer Prevents Radiation-Induced Xerostomia. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2000;46:7-11.

    Google Scholar 

  94. MacLeod AM, Robbins SP. Submandibular gland transfer in the correction of dry eye. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1992;20:99–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Geerling G, Sieg P, Bastian GO, Laqua H. Transplantation of the autologous submandibular gland for most severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:327–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Geerling G, Sieg P. Transplantation of the major salivary glands. Dev Ophthalmol. 2008;41:255–68. doi:10.1159/000131094.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Geerling G, Raus P, Murube J. Minor salivary gland transplantation. Dev Ophthalmol. 2008;41:243–54. doi:10.1159/000131093\r131093. [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Jha N, Seikaly H, McGaw T, Coulter L. Submandibular salivary gland transfer prevents radiation-induced xerostomia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46:7–11. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(00)80143-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Wu F, Weng S, Li C, Sun J, Li L, Gao Q. Submandibular gland transfer for the prevention of postradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncal. 2015;610041:70–86. doi:10.1159/000371854.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Su J-Z, Liu X-J, Liu D-G, Ren W-G, Yu G-Y. Sialography of the transplanted submandibular gland. Ocul Surf. 2014;12:215–20. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2014.02.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Geerling G, Sieg P, Raus P. Salivary gland transplantation. In: Essentials Ophthalmol. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2007. p. 208. Figure 14.1

    Google Scholar 

  102. Murube-del-Castillo J. Transplantation of salivary gland to the lacrimal basin. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1986;61:264–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Gelatt K. Canine lacrimal and nasolacrimal diseases. 2nd ed. London: Lea & Febiger; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Sieg P, Geerling G, Kosmehl H, Lauer I, Warnecke K, von Domarus H. Microvascular submandibular gland transfer for severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:554–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yu GY, Zhu ZH, Mao C, Cai ZG, Zou LH, Lu L, et al. Microvascular autologous submandibular gland transfer in severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:235–9. doi:S0901-5027(02)90438-8 [pii]\r10.1006/ijom.2002.0438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kumar PA, Hickey MJ, Gurusinghe CJ, O’Brien BM. Long term results of submandibular gland transfer for the management of xerophthalmia. Br J Plast Surg. 1991;44:506–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Paniello RC. Submandibular gland transfer for severe xerophthalmia. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:40–4. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000246953.44163.81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Jia G, Wang Y, Lu L, Wang X, Li Z. Reconstructive lacrimal gland with free submandibular gland transfer for management of xerophthalmia. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 1998;34:388–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hockstein NG, Samadi DS, Gendron K, Handler SD. Sialorrhea: a management challenge. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:2628–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Reed J. Surgical management of drooling. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135:924–31. doi:10.1542/gr.15-2-19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Puraviappan P, Dass DB, Narayanan P. Efficacy of relocation of submandibular duct in cerebral palsy patients with drooling. Asian J Surg. 2007;30:209–15. doi:10.1016/S1015-9584(08)60024-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. De M, Adair R, Golchin K, Cinnamond MJ. Outcomes of submandibular duct relocation: a 15-year experience. J Laryngol Otol. 2003;117:821–3. doi:10.1258/002221503770716287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Panarese A, Ghosh S, Hodgson D, McEwan J, Bull PD. Outcomes of submandibular duct re-implantation for sialorrhoea. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001;26:143–6. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2273.2001.00439.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Uppal HS, De R, D’Souza AR, Pearman K, Proops DW. Bilateral submandibular duct relocation for drooling: an evaluation of results for the Birmingham Children’s Hospital. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;260:48–51. doi:10.1007/s00405-002-0516-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Katona G, Csákányi Z, Lorincz A, Gerlinger I. Bilateral submandibular duct relocation by high-frequency radiosurgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265:1103–8. doi:10.1007/s00405-008-0604-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Crawford B. Parotid duct transplantation for ocular xerosis. Trans Aust Coll Ophthalmol. 1970;2:92–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Filatov V, Chevaljev V. Surgical treatment of parenchymatous ophthalmoxerosis. J Opthal. 1951;3:131–7.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Pierce M, Goldberg J, Brooks C. A direct approach for transposition of the parotid duct. Arch Ophthalmol. 1960;64:566–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Zhang H, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Zhao C. Management of the dry eye with parotid duct transplantation: a summary on 40 cases. Yan Ke Xue Bao. 1995;11:67–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Longo B, Germano S, Laporta R, Belli E, Santanelli F. Stensen duct relocation after cheek mucosa tumor resection. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:e250–1. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e31824ef809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Mehta S, Agrawal J, Dewan AK, Pradhan T. Parotid duct relocation in buccal mucosa cancer resection. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:1746–7. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000000998.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Sakakibara A, Minamikawa T, Hashikawa K, Sakakibara S, Hasegawa T, Akashi M, et al. Does salivary duct repositioning prevent complications after tumor resection or salivary gland surgery? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73:1003–7. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2014.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Redman RS. On approaches to the functional restoration of salivary glands damaged by radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, with a review of related aspects of salivary gland morphology and development. Biotech Histochem. 2008;83:103–30. doi:903247450 [pii]\r10.1080/10520290802374683

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Baum BJ, Alevizos I, Zheng C, Cotrim AP, Liu S, McCullagh L, et al. Early responses to adenoviral-mediated transfer of the aquaporin-1 cDNA for radiation-induced salivary hypofunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:19403–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210662109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Lombaert IMA, Wierenga PK, Kok T, Kampinga HH, Coppes RP. Cancer therapy: preclinical mobilization of bone marrow stem cells by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ameliorates radiation-induced damage to salivary glands. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:12–5. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Tran SD, Liu Y, Xia D, Maria OM, Khalili S, Wang RW-J, et al. Paracrine effects of bone marrow soup restore organ function, regeneration, and repair in salivary glands damaged by irradiation. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061632.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Pringle S, Van Os R, Coppes RP. Concise review: adult salivary gland stem cells and a potential therapy for xerostomia. Stem Cells. 2013;31:613–9. doi:10.1002/stem.1327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Feng J, van der Zwaag M, Stokman MA, van Os R, Coppes RP. Isolation and characterization of human salivary gland cells for stem cell transplantation to reduce radiation-induced hyposalivation. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92:466–71. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.06.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Nanduri LSY, Maimets M, Pringle SA, van der Zwaag M, van Os RP, Coppes RP. Regeneration of irradiated salivary glands with stem cell marker expressing cells. Radiother Oncol. 2011;99:367–72. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lombaert IMA, Hoffman MP. Epithelial stem/progenitor cells in the embryonic mouse submandibular gland. Front Oral Biol. 2010;14:90–106. doi:10.1159/000313709.Epithelial.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Ono H, Obana A, Usami Y, Sakai M, Nohara K, Egusa H, et al. Regenerating salivary glands in the microenvironment of induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:293570. doi:10.1155/2015/293570.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Ogawa M, Oshima M, Imamura A, Sekine Y, Ishida K, Yamashita K, et al. Functional salivary gland regeneration by transplantation of a bioengineered organ germ. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2498. doi:10.1038/ncomms3498.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Joraku A, Sullivan CA, Yoo J, Atala A. In-vitro reconstitution of three-dimensional human salivary gland tissue structures. Differentiation. 2007;75:318–24. doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00138.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Sun T, Zhu J, Yang X, Wang S. Growth of miniature pig parotid cells on biomaterials in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2006;51:351–8. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cantara SI, Soscia DA, Sequeira SJ, Jean-Gilles RP, Castracane J, Larsen M. Selective functionalization of nanofiber scaffolds to regulate salivary gland epithelial cell proliferation and polarity. Biomaterials. 2012;33:8372–82. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.021.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Cecchini MP, Parnigotto M, Merigo F, Marzola P, Daducci A, Tambalo S, et al. 3D printing of rat salivary glands: the submandibular-sublingual complex. Anat Histol Embryol. 2014;43:239–44. doi:10.1111/ahe.12074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Florida Department of Otolaryngology, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Varun V. Varadarajan MD & Peter T. Dziegielewski MD FRCS(C)

Authors
  1. Varun V. Varadarajan MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter T. Dziegielewski MD FRCS(C)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter T. Dziegielewski MD FRCS(C) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Seunghee Cha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Varadarajan, V.V., Dziegielewski, P.T. (2017). Surgical Management of Salivary Gland Disease. In: Cha, S. (eds) Salivary Gland Development and Regeneration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43513-8_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43513-8_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43511-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43513-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation