Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Salivary Gland Development and Regeneration pp 207–215Cite as

Regulation of Salivary Secretion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The production of saliva in conscious humans is under the control of the higher centers of the brain which is upregulated by an autonomic reflex in response to taste, chewing, and smell. The higher centers of the brain maintain the resting rate of salivary secretion which in the healthiest subjects is sufficient to maintain oral health and perform the functions of the mouth such as speaking, swallowing, and preventing the overgrowth of microbial colonies on oral tissues. When asleep, the same higher centers reduce their neural output leading to very low salivary flow, which prevents choking or aspiration of saliva into the lungs leading to pneumonia. An understanding of this complex control of salivary secretion is particularly important for the regeneration of the salivary glands and their functions. Stem cell treatments to replace the salivary tissue are an impressive first step, but the new tissue needs to be under neural control. Inappropriate salivary secretion can be just as much a problem as insufficient salivary flow as demonstrated by drooling in stroke patients and patients on certain antipsychotic medications, who “drown” in their own saliva at night.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Anderson DJ, Hector MP, Linden RWA. The effects of unilateral and bilateral chewing, empty clenching and simulated bruxism, on the masticatory-parotid salivary reflex in man. Exp Physiol. 1996;81:305–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Baum BJ, Wellner RB. Receptors in salivary glands. In: Garrett JR, Ekstrom J, Anderson LC, editors. Neural mechanisms of salivary secretion. Basel: Karger; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Behrens M, Meyerhof W. Bitter taste receptor research comes of age: from characterization to modulation of TAS2Rs. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2013;24:215–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bhattacharya S, Imbery JF, Ampem PT, Giovannucci DR. Crosstalk between purinergic receptors and canonical signaling pathways in the mouse salivary gland. Cell Calcium. 2015;58:589–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Burghartz M, Ginzkey C, Hackenberg S, Hagen R. Two-stage autotransplantation of the human submandibular gland: first long-term results. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:1551–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Carpenter GH, Khosravani N, Ekstrom J, Osailan SM, Paterson KP, Proctor GB. Altered plasticity of the parasympathetic innervation in the recovering rat submandibular gland following extensive atrophy. Exp Physiol. 2009;94:213–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Carpenter GH, Proctor GB, Anderson LC, Zhang XS, Garrett JR. Immunoglobulin A secretion into saliva during dual sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation of rat submandibular glands. Exp Physiol. 2000;85:281–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carpenter GH, Proctor GB, Ebersole LE, Garrett JR. Secretion of IgA by rat parotid and submandibular cells in response to autonomimetic stimulation in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4:1005–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJP, Zuker CS. The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature. 2006;444:288–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chaudhari N, Roper SD. The cell biology of taste journal of cell biology. J Cell Biol. 2010;190:285–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Culp DJ, Luo W, Richardson LA, Watson GE, Latchney LR. Both M(1) and M(3) receptors regulate exocrine secretion by mucous acini. Am J Phys Cell Phys. 1996;40:C1963–72.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Del Fiacco M, Quartu M, Ekstrom J, Melis T, Boi M, Isola M, Loy F, Serra MP. Effect of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine methionine and substance P on human major salivary gland secretion. Oral Dis. 2015;21:216–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Garrett JR. The Proper Role of Nerves in Salivary Secretion - A Review. J Dent Res. 1987;66:387–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gautam D, Heard TS, Cui YH, Miller G, Bloodworth L, Wess J. Cholinergic stimulation of salivary secretion studied with M-1 and M-3 muscarinic receptor single- and double-knockout mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;66:260–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gerling G, Garrett JR, Paterson KP, Sieg JP, Collin RO, Carpenter GH, Hakim SG, Lauer I, Proctor GB. Innervation and secretory function of transplanted human submandibular glands. Transplantation. 2008;85:135–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Kidd JR, Duffy VB. Supertasting and PROP bitterness depends on more than the TAS2R38 gene. Chem Senses. 2008;33:255–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hector MP, Linden RW. Reflexes of salivary secretion. In: Garrett JR, Ekstrom J, Anderson LC, editors. Neural mechanisms of salivary secretion. Basel: Karger; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ilangakoon Y, Carpenter GH. Is the mouthwatering sensation a true salivary reflex? J Texture Stud. 2011;42:212–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Iwatsuki K, Ichikawa R, Uematsu A, Kitamura A, Uneyama H, Torii K. Detecting sweet and umami tastes in the gastrointestinal tract. Acta Physiol. 2012;204:169–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Jenkins GN, Dawes C. Psychic flow of saliva in man. Arch Oral Biol. 1966;11:1203–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kasarskis EJ, Hodskins JST, WH C. Unilateral parotid electron beam radiotherapy as palliative treatment for sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2011;308:155–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kawai T, Fushiki T. Importance of lipolysis in oral cavity for orosensory detection of fat. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys. 2003;285:R447–54.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Konitzer J, Gerdan L, Sieg P, Hakim SG, Bruggemann A, Gebhard M, Buchmann I. Salivary gland scintigraphy in patients suffering from severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca Evaluation of the viability of submandibular glands before and after transfer into the temporal fossa. Nuklearmedizin-Nuclear Med. 2015;54:189–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee VM, Linden RWA. An olfactory submandibular salivary reflex in humans. Exp Physiol. 1992a;77:221–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee VM, Linden RWA. The effect of odors on stimulated parotid salivary flow in humans. Physiol Behav. 1992b;52:1121–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lungren MP, Halula S, Coyne S, Sidell D, Racadio JM, Patel MN. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin type a salivary gland injection in children for refractory sialorrhea: 10-year experience at a large tertiary children’s hospital. Pediatr Neurol. 2016;54:70–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ma TH, Song YL, Gillespie A, Carlson EJ, Epstein CJ, Verkman AS. Defective secretion of saliva in transgenic mice lacking aquaporin-5 water channels. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:20071–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Matsuo R. Central connections for salivary innervations and efferent impulse formation. In: Garrett JR, Ekstrom J, Anderson LC, editors. Neural mechanisms of salivary secretion. Basel: Karger; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Matsuo R. Role of saliva in the maintenance of taste sensitivity. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11:216–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Melvin JE, Yule D, Shuttleworth T, Begenisich T. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion in salivary gland acinar cells. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:445–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Duke FF, Reed DR. Age modifies the genotype-phenotype relationship for the bitter receptor TAS2R38. BMC Genet. 2010;11:60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Nanduri LSY, Maimets M, Pringle SA, Van Der Zwaag M, Van Os RP, Coppes RP. Regeneration of irradiated salivary glands with stem cell marker expressing cells. Radiother Oncol. 2011;99:367–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Neyraud E, Sayd T, Morzel M, Dransfield E. Proteomic analysis of human whole and parotid salivas following stimulation by different tastes. J Proteome Res. 2006;5:2474–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ogawa M, Oshima M, Imamura A, Sekine Y, Ishida K, Yamashita K, Nakajima K, Hirayama M, Tachikawa T, Tsuji T. Functional salivary gland regeneration by transplantation of a bioengineered organ germ. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2498.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Pringle S, Maimets M, Van Der Zwaag M, Stokman MA, Van Gosliga D, Zwart E, Witjes MJH, De Haan G, Van Os R, Coppes RP. Human salivary gland stem cells functionally restore radiation damaged salivary glands. Stem Cells. 2016;34:640–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Proctor GB. The physiology of salivary secretion. Periodontology 2000. 2016;70:11–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Chewing stimulates secretion of human salivary secretory immunoglobulin A. J Dent Res. 2001;80:909–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves. Auton Neurosci-Basic Clin. 2007;133:3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Salivary secretion: mechanism and neural regulation. Monogr Oral Sci. 2014;24:14–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rolls ET. Taste, olfactory and food texture reward processing in the brain and obesity. Int J Obes. 2011;35:550–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Small DM. Taste representation in the human insula. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214:551–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Sorensen CE, Larsen JO, Reibel J, Lauritzen M, Mortensen EL, Osler M, Pedersen AML. Associations between xerostomia, histopathological alterations, and autonomic innervation of labial salivary glands in men in late midlife. Exp Gerontol. 2014;57:211–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Thaysen JH, Thorn NA, Schwartz IL. Excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride and carbon dioxide in human parotid saliva. Am J Physiol. 1954;178:155–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Tran SD, Liu YN, Xia DS, Maria OM, Khalili S, Wang RWJ, Quan VH, Hu S, Seuntjens J. Paracrine effects of bone marrow soup restore organ function, regeneration, and repair in salivary glands damaged by irradiation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e61632.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Voigt N, Stein J, Galindo MM, Dunkel A, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W, Hofmann T, Behrens M. The role of lipolysis in human orosensory fat perception. J Lipid Res. 2014;55:870–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Xu H, Shan XF, Cong X, Yang NY, Wu LL, Yu GY, Zhang Y, Cai ZG. Pre- and Post-synaptic Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Submandibular Glands. J Dent Res. 2015;94:1454–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, UK

    Guy Carpenter PhD & Polliane Carvalho MSc, PhD

Authors
  1. Guy Carpenter PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Polliane Carvalho MSc, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guy Carpenter PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Seunghee Cha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carpenter, G., Carvalho, P. (2017). Regulation of Salivary Secretion. In: Cha, S. (eds) Salivary Gland Development and Regeneration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43513-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43513-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43511-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43513-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation