Skip to main content

Abstract

Wars have a way of defining and re-defining relations between countries. Walsh, however, suggests that it would be a mistake to view the Islamic Republic and Iraq solely through the prism of the 1980 and 2003 wars. This chapter briefly reviews relations between the two countries in the 1960s and 1970s. A quick look back makes evident that many of the problems that bedeviled relations between the Islamic Republic and Saddam Hussein’s Bathist regime pre-date Iran’s revolution. Walsh then turns his attention to the Iranian revolution, the 1980–1988 war, and the foreign policies of successive Iranian administrations from Rafsanjani to Rouhani. Recounting this chain of events serves as a reminder that while many elements of the Iran-Iraq relationship have persisted over decades, there are important variations as well.

“For us, Iraq is the most important country in the world.”

Hojjatoleslam Ali Yunesi Minister of Intelligence and Security, 2004 (Taremi 2005, p. 28)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Abdulghani, J. 1984. Iraq and Iran. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. 2008. Iran in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadian, H. 2014a. An analytic approach to possible scenarios for ISIS in Iraq. Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/An-Analytic-Approach-to-Possible-Scenarios-for-ISIS-in-Iraq.htm.

  • Ahmadian H. 2014b. Risk of somalization threatens Iraq. Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Risk-of-Somalization-Threatens-Iraq.htm.

  • al-Sheikh, S., and E. Sky. 2011. Iraq since 2003: Perspectives on a divided society. Survival 53(4): 119–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • al-Suwaidi, J. 1996. Iran and the Gulf. Abu Dhabi: Emerates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arjomand, S. 2009. After Khomeini. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baktiari, B. 1993. Revolutionary Iran’s Persian Gulf policy; the quest for regional supremacy. In Iran and the Arab world, ed. H. Amirahmadi, and N. Entessar, 69–93. New York: St martin’s Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Banuazizi, A. 1994. Iran’s revolutionary impasse: Political factionalism and societal resistance. Middle East Report 191: 2–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baram, A. 2002. Saddam’s state, Iraq’s politics and foreign policy. In Crises in the contemporary Persian Gulf, ed. B. Rubin, 199–222. London: Frank Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzegar, K. 2005. Understanding the roots of Iranian foreign policy in the new Iraq. Middle East Policy 12(2): 49–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Iran’s foreign policy in post-invasion Iraq. Middle East Policy 15(4): 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Iran’s foreign policy strategy after Saddam. Washington Quarterly 33(1): 173–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. The shifting nature of Iranian influence in Iraq. In Iran foreign policy since 2001, ed. T. Juneau, and S. Razavi, 87–103. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batatu, H. 1978. The old social classes and revolutionary movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrooz, M. 1998. Trends in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–1988. In Neither east nor west, ed. N. Keddie, and M. Gasiorowski, 13–35. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brands, H. 2011a. Inside the Iraqi state records: Saddam Hussein, “Irangate”, and the United States. Journal of Strategic Studies 34(1): 95–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011b. Why did Saddam invade Iran? New evidence on motives, complexity, and the Israel factor. Journal of Military History 75(3): 861–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brands, H., and D. Palkki. 2012. Conspiring Bastards: Saddam Hussein’s strategic view of the United States. Diplomatic History 36(3): 625–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie, D. 1937. How to win friends and influence people. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chubin, S., and S. Zabih. 1974. The foreign relations of Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. 2009. The rise and fall of the Mojahedin Khalq 1987–1997. Brighton: Sussex Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A., and N. Afrati. 2011. Post-Saddam Iraq. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawisha, A. 2009. Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbins, J. 2009. Engaging Iran. The Iran Primer, U.S. Institute of Peace. http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/engaging-iran.

  • Dobbins, J., et al. 2009. Occupying Iraq a history of the coalition provisional authority. Santa Monica: Rand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehteshami, A. 2008. Iran and its immediate neighborhood. In Iran’s foreign policy, ed. A. Ehteshami, and M. Zweiri, 129–140. Reading: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehteshami, A., and R. Molavi. 2012. Iran and the international system. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehteshami, A., and M. Zweiri. 2008. Iran’s foreign policy. Reading: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entessar, N. 2014. Outcome of Iraqi crisis far from certain. Iran Review, http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Outcome-of-Iraqi-Crisis-Far-from-Certain.htm.

  • Farouk-Sluglett, M., and P. Sluglett. 2001. Iraq since 1958, I. London: B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganji, A. 2013. Who is Ali Khamenei?. Foreign Affairs 92(5): 24–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gause, F. Gregory. 2002. Iraq’s decisions to go to war, 1980 and 1990. Middle East Journal 56(1): 47–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M. 2010. Revisiting Saddam Hussein’s political language. Arab Studies Quarterly 32(1): 28–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haji-Yousefi, A. 2010. Iran’s foreign policy during Ahmadinejad: From confrontation to accommodation. Alternatives 9(2): 114–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakakian, R. 2013. Misreading Iran’s elections Iranian infighting and American narcissism. World Affairs 9(13): 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashim, A. 2003. Military power and state formation in modern Iraq. Middle East Quarterly, X(4): 29–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazran, Y. 2010. The rise of politicized Shi‘ite religiosity and the territorial state in Iraq and Lebanon. Middle East Journal 64(4): 521–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinnebusch, R., and A. Ehteshami. 2002. The foreign policies of middle east states. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiro, D. 2001. Neighbors, not friends. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, S. 1990. Iran and the world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Iran’s foreign policy in the post-soviet era. Santa Barbara: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • IISS. 2013. Iran’s Rouhani: High hopes, narrow remit. Strategic Comments 19(8): iii–iiv.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Crisis Group. 2005. Iran in Iraq: How much influence?. Middle East Report no. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismael, T. 1982. Iraq and Iran. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismael, T., and A. Kreutz. 2001. Russian-Iraqi relations: A historical and political analysis. Arab Studies Quarterly 23(4): 87–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, R. 1978. Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics 30(2): 167–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juneau, T. 2014. Iran under Rouhani: Still alone in the world. Middle East Policy XXI(4): 92–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juneau, T., and S. Razavi. 2013. Iran foreign policy since 2001. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamrava, M. 2011a. International politics of the Persian Gulf. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011b. Iranian foreign and security policies in the Persian Gulf. In International politics of the Persian Gulf, ed. M. Kamrava, 184–206. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazemzadeh, M. 2007. Ahmadinejad’s foreign policy. Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27(2): 423–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keddie, N., and M. Gasiorowski. 1988a. Iran, the Soviet Union, and the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988b. Iran, the Soviet Union, and the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalkhali, A. 2014a. Revisiting Zarif’s recent trip to Iraqi Kurdistan, Tehran cautious about accepting Iraqi Kurds’ friendship. Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Revisiting-Zarif-s-Recent-Trip-to-Iraqi-Kurdistan.htm.

  • ———. 2014b. Revisiting Zarif’s recent trip to Iraqi Kurdistan. Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Revisiting-Zarif-s-Recent-Trip-to-Iraqi-Kurdistan.htm.

  • Kharrazi, S. 2014. Iran’s approach to Iraq rooted in regional strategic issues. Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Iran-s-Approach-to-Iraq-Rooted-in-Regional-Strategic-Issues.htm.

  • Lawson, F. 2011. Security dilemmas in the contemporary Persian Gulf. In International politics of the Persian Gulf, ed. M. Kamrava, 50–71. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, M. 1996. Sovereign creations: Pan-arabism and political order in Syria and Iraq. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchall, C. 2003. Iran’s Persian Gulf policy. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marr, P. 2012. The modern history of Iraq. Bolder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massarrat, M. 1993. The ideological context of the Iran-Iraq war: Pan-Islamism versus Pan-Arabism. In Iran and the Arab world, ed. H. Amirahmadi, and N. Entessar, 28–41. New York: St martin’s Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Menashri, D. 2007. Iran’s regional policy: Between radicalism and pragmatism. Journal of International Affairs 60(2): 154–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milani, M. 1996. Iran’s gulf policy: From idealism and confrontation to pragmatism and moderation. In Iran and the gulf, ed. J. al-Suwaidi, 83–98. Abu Dhabi: Emerates center for strategic studies and research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohebali, Q. 2014. Meeting Sunnis’ demands key to Iraq crisis resolution. Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Meeting-Sunnis-Demands-Key-to-Iraq-Crisis-Resolution.htm.

  • Monshipouri, M. 2002. Iran’s foreign policy and Islamic ideology. In The foreign policies of middle east states, ed. R. Hinnebusch, and A. Ehteshami, 56–69. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Iran’s foreign policy: A shifting strategic landscape. Middle East Policy 20(4): 133–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mufti, M. 1996. Sovereign creations. Ithaca: Cornel University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, J. 1990. Soft power. Foreign Policy 80: 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omidi, A. 2014. Is Iraq bound for the same destiny as Syria? Iran Review. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Is-Iraq-Bound-for-the-Same-Destiny-as-Syria-.htm.

  • Parasiliti, A. 1993. Iraq and Iran: Changing relations and future prospects. In Iran and the Arab world, ed. H. Amirahmadi, and N. Entessar, 217–243. New York: St Martin’s Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pardo, E. 2011. Iraq in Iran: Between opportunity and threat. In Post-Saddam Iraq, ed. A. Cohen, and N. Afrati, 212–242. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. 2011. Soverignty and boundaries in the gulf, 21–49. Syracus: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Przeczek, S. 2013. Iran’s foreign policy under President Rouhani: Pledges versus reality. Middle Eastern Analysis/Ortadogu Analiz 5(57): 64–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahimi, B. 2012. Iran’s declining influence in Iraq. Washington Quarterly 35(1): 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rakal, E. 2007. Iranian foreign policy since the Iranian Islamic revolution: 1979–2006. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6: 159–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramazani, R. 2004. Ideology and pragmatism in Iran’s foreign policy. Middle East Journal 58(4): 555–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Iran’s foreign policy: Independence, freedom and the Islamic Republic. In Iran’s foreign policy, ed. A. Ehteshami, and M. Zweiri, 1–16. Reading: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezai, A. 2008. Foreign policy theories: Implications for the foreign policy analysis of Iran. In Iran’s foreign policy, ed. A. Ehteshami, and M. Zweiri, 17–36. Reading: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roshandel, J. 2002. Iran foreign-policy strategic thinking in the twenty-first century. In The foreign policies of middle east states, ed. R. Hinnebusch, and A. Ehteshami, 40–55. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, B. 2002. Crises in the contemporary Persian Gulf. London: Frank Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saikal, A. 2007. Iran’s new strategic entity. Australian Journal of International Affairs 61(3): 296–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sariolghalam, M. 1993. Conceptual sources of post-revolutionary Iranian behavior toward the Arab world. In Iran and the Arab world, ed. H. Amirahmadi, and N. Entessar, 19–27. New York: St martin’s Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sharafedin, B. 2015. General Qasem Soleimani: Iran’s Rising Star. BBC Persian, March 6. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27883162.

  • Smolanky, O. 1991. The USSR and Iraq. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stansfield, G. 2010. The reformation of Iraq’s foreign relations: New elites and enduring legacies. International Affairs 86(6): 1395–1409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taremi, K. 2005. Iranian foreign policy towards occupied Iraq, 2003–05. Middle East Policy 12(4): 28–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripp, C. 2000. A history of Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger, C. 2004. House of Bush, house of Saud. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, S. 1987. The origins of alliances. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warnaar, M. 2013. Iranian foreign policy during Ahmadinejad. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, K. 2008. The mother of all battles. Official U.S. Joint Forces Command Report. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Saddam’s generals: Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq war, 1–B12. Alexandria: Institute for Defense Analyses.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. A view of operation Iraqi freedom from Saddam’s senior leadership. Joint Center for Operational Analysis, pp. 1–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, K., and M. Stout. 2006. Saddam’s perceptions and misperceptions: The case of ‘desert storm. Journal of Strategic Studies 33(1): 5–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, K., D. Palkki, and M. Sout. 2011. The Saddam tapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, K, et al. 2009. Saddam’s War. McNair Paper 70, National Defense University, pp. 1–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaphe, J. 2008. The United States and Iran in Iraq: Risks and opportunities. In Iran’s foreign policy, ed. A. Ehteshami, and M. Zweiri, 37–54. Reading: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarif, M. 2014. What Iran really wants. Foreign Affairs 93(3): 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweiri, M. 2008. Arab-Iranian relations: New eealities,? In Iran’s foreign policy, ed. A. Ehteshami, and M. Zweiri, 115–128. Reading: Ithaca Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James J. Walsh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Walsh, J.J. (2017). Iran and Iraq. In: Ehteshami, A., Quilliam, N., Bahgat, G. (eds) Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43289-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics