Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Economic Impact of Integrated Pest Management Strategies for the Suppression of Mango-Infesting Fruit Fly Species in Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fruit Fly Research and Development in Africa - Towards a Sustainable Management Strategy to Improve Horticulture

Abstract

Mango growers in Africa are faced with the severe challenge of controlling pests, with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis being the most destructive. Conventional fruit fly control in this region mainly involves the use of synthetic pesticides. Pesticides are expensive and have undesirable effects on human health, biodiversity and the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods have been developed as a more effective and affordable strategy to control fruit flies. The technology has been developed by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and its partners, and disseminated to farmers through various technology uptake pathways across Africa. Understanding the adoption behavior of farmers with regard to IPM and the economic impacts of IPM on the livelihood of mango farmer and their households can help to design policies aimed at increasing the development and uptake of such strategies in Africa. This paper is a synthesis of findings on adoption and the economic benefits derived from IPM approaches targeted at mango-infesting fruit flies; it is based on recent studies conducted by icipe at various project action sites in Kenya. The studies provide empirical data on the adoption and impact of IPM strategies and focus on the magnitude of direct gains for mango producers. The findings provide clear evidence that farmers do not adopt the technology as a package but rather selected components of the IPM package that are affordable and easy to apply and maintain. With regard to economic benefits, the studies show that IPM reduces mango losses caused by fruit flies and the costs associated with pesticide use. There are also income gains from adopting IPM amongst mango growers. The results of these studies demonstrate that investment in IPM is viable, and therefore justifies support for upscaling of IPM programmes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Nevertheless, Kenya has one of the highest yields in the world. For instance, Kenya’s average mango yields stood at 9.2 MT per hectare relative to the global average of 8.2 MT per hectare in 2012 and is about 39 % higher than the yields reported in India, the leading producer of mangoes in the world (FAOSTAT 2016).

  2. 2.

    In this study a mango grower was considered as an adopter if he/she had used at least one IPM component. In addition to the five icipe IPM components described in section 1.2, the study of Kibira et al. (2015) also considered other traditional IPM technologies used by farmers such as smoking repellent herbs, spaying traditional concoctions (e.g. neem extracts), and burning and burying fallen fruits.

References

  • Ainembabazi JH, Tripathi L, Rusike J, Abdoulaye T, Manyong V (2015) Ex-ante economic impact assessment of genetically modified banana resistant to Xanthomonas wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. PLoS One 10:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw S, Mithöfer D, Waibel H (2010) Agrifood supply chain, private-sector standards, and farmers’ health: evidence from Kenya. Agric Econ 41:251–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baral K, Roy B, Rahim K, Chatterjee H (2006) Socio-economic parameters of pesticide use and assessment of impact of an IPM strategy for the control of eggplant fruit and shoot borer in West Bengal, India. Technical Bulletin No. 37. AVRDC publication number 06-673. AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. ISBN 92-9058-147-6, 36 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Bech R (2008) Candidatus Liberibacter spp. as putative causal agent of zebra chip of potatoes. USDA-APHIS SPRO -2008, 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Billah M, Afreh-Nuamah K, Obeng-Ofori D, Nyarko G (2015) Review of the pest status, economic impact and management of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa. Afr J Agric Res 10:1488–1498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake G, Sandler H, Coli W, Pober D, Coggins C (2007) An assessment of grower perceptions and factors influencing adoption of IPM in commercial cranberry production. Renewable Agric Food Syst 22:134–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conley TG, Udry CR (2010) Learning about a new technology: pineapple in Ghana. Am Econ Rev 100:35–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuyno LCM, Norton GW, Rola A (2001) Economic analysis of environmental benefits of integrated pest management: a Philippine case study. Agric Econ 25:227–233. doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00203.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta S, Meisner C, Wheeler D (2007) Is environmentally friendly agriculture less profitable for farmers? Evidence on integrated pest management in Bangladesh. Appl Econ Perspect Policy 29:103–118

    Google Scholar 

  • De Janvry A, Sadoulet E (2001) Income strategies among rural households in Mexico: the role of off-farm activities. World Dev 29:467–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dercon S, Christiaensen L (2011) Consumption risk, technology adoption and poverty traps: evidence from Ethiopia. J Dev Econ 96:159–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diiro GM, Sam AG (2015) Agricultural technology adoption and Nonfarm earnings in Uganda: a Semiparametric analysis. J Dev Areas 49:145–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diiro GM, Ker AP, Sam AG (2015) The role of gender in fertiliser adoption in Uganda. Afr J Agric Res Econ 10:117–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Duflo E, Kremer M, Robinson J (2011) Nudging farmers to use fertilizer: theory and experimental evidence from Kenya. Am Econ Rev 101:2350–2390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S (2015) Field infestation and suppression of the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta and White) on citrus in Kenya. Acta Hortic 1065:1019–1026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Billah MK (2007) A field guide to the management of economically important tephritid fruit flies in Africa, 2nd edn. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi. ISBN 92 9064 209

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Maniania NK, Mohamed SA, Lux SA (2005) Effect of soil application of different formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae on African tephritid fruit flies and their associated endoparasitoids. Biol Control 35:83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Chabi-Olaye A, Subramanian S, Borgemeister C (2011) Horticultural pest management and the African economy: successes, challenges and opportunities in a changing global environment. Acta Hortic 911:165–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Mohamed S, Tanga CM (2014) Comparison of food-based attractants for Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) and evaluation of Mazoferm–Spinosad bait spray for field suppression in mango. J Econ Entomol 107:299–309. http://doi.org/10.1603/EC13393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, De Meyer M, Mohamed SA, Virgilio M, Borgemeister C (2016) Taxonomy, bioecology, and management of native and exotic fruit fly species in Africa. Annu Rev Entomol 61:219–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erbaugh JM, Donnermeyer J, Amujal M, Kidoido M (2010) Assessing the impact of farmer field school participation on IPM adoption in Uganda. J Int Agric Ext Educ 17:5–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson R (2004) Review and evaluation technical assistance No. 3383-PAK: integrated pest management. Asian Development Bank Philippines, Philippines, p 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT database (FAOSTAT, 2016). Available at http://faostat3.fao.org

  • Garming H, Waibel H (2009) Pesticides and farmer health in Nicaragua: a willingness-to-pay approach to evaluation. Eur J Health Econ 10:125–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griesbach J (2003) Mango growing in Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, p 122

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna R, Gnanvossou D, Grout T (2008) Male annihilation technique (MAT) in eliminating B. invadens in northern Benin. Fight. Fruit Veg. Flies Reg. West. Afr. COLEACPCIRAD Inf Lett 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoto RE, Kraybill DS, Erbaugh MJ (2008) Impact of integrated pest management technologies on farm revenues of rural households: the case of smallholder Arabica coffee farmers. Afr J Agric Res Econ 9:119–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankowski A, Mithoefer D, Loehr B, Waibel H (2007) Economics of biological control in cabbage production in two countries in East Africa. In: Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs. Proceedings of the Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development ‘Tropentag 2007’, University of Kassel Witzenhausen and University of Goettingen, 9–11 October 2007. Available at: http://www.tropentag.de/2007/abstracts/full/348.pdf

  • Kassie M, Shiferaw B, Muricho G (2011) Agricultural technology, crop income, and poverty alleviation in Uganda. World Dev 39:1784–1795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kibira M, Affognon H, Njehia B, Muriithi B, Ekesi S (2015) Economic evaluation of integrated management of fruit fly in mango production in Embu County, Kenya. Afr J Agric Res Manage 10:343–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Klungness L, Jang EB, Mau RF, Vargas RI, Sugano JS, Fujitani E (2005) New sanitation techniques for controlling tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 9:5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Korir JK, Affognon HD, Ritho CN, Kingori WS, Irungu P, Mohamed SA, Ekesi S (2015) Grower adoption of an integrated pest management package for management of mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Embu, Kenya. Int J Trop Insect Sci 35:80–89. doi:10.1017/S1742758415000077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koundouri P, Nauges C, Tzouvelekas V (2006) Technology adoption under production uncertainty: theory and application to irrigation technology. Am J Agric Econ 88:657–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouser S, Qaim M (2013) Valuing financial, health, and environmental benefits of Bt cotton in Pakistan. Agric Econ 44:323–335. doi:10.1111/agec.12014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krain E, Ngugi A, Ndegwa N, Njeru J (2008) Enterprise budgets for market-oriented mango farming: the case of Embu and Mbeere districts. Promotion of Private Sector Development in Agriculture. GoK, PSDA and GTZ

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Gómez MI, Rickard BJ, Skinner M (2013) Factors influencing adoption of integrated pest management in Northeast greenhouse and nursery production. Agric Res Econ Rev 42:310–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lux S, Ekesi S, Dimbi S, Mohamed S, Billah M (2003) Mango-infesting fruit flies in Africa: perspectives and limitations of biological control. In: Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J (eds) Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. CAB Direct, Wallingford, pp 277–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Macharia IN, Löhr B, De Groote H (2005) Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya. Crop Prot 24:981–989. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macharia IN, Mithoefer D, Waibel H (2008) Potential environmental impacts of pesticides use in the vegetable sub-sector in Kenya. Afr J Hortic Sci 2:138–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Maumbe BM, Swinton SM (2000) Why do smallholder cotton growers in Zimbabwe adopt IPM? The role of pesticide-related health risks and technology awareness. Selected paper for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics Association, Tampa, FL, 30 July–3 August, 2000. Available at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/21784/1/sp00ma06.pdf

  • Minten B, Barrett CB (2008) Agricultural technology, productivity, and poverty in Madagascar. World Dev 36:797–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed SA, Ekesi S, Hanna R (2008) Evaluation of the impact of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on Bactrocera invadens and five African fruit fly species. J Appl Entomol 132:789–797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed SA, Ekesi S, Hanna R (2010) Old and new host-parasitoid associations: parasitism of the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) and five African fruit fly species by Fopius arisanus, an Asian opiine parasitoid. Biocontrol Sci Tech 20:183–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyo S, Norton GW, Alwang J, Rhinehart I, Deom CM (2007) Peanut research and poverty reduction: impacts of variety improvement to control peanut viruses in Uganda. Am J Agric Econ 89:448–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muchiri CM (2012) Economic assessment of losses due to fruit fly infestation in mango and the willingness to pay for an integrated pest management package in Embu district, Kenya. Unpublished MSc. thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulwa R, Wafula D, Karembu M, Waithaka M (2013) Estimating the potential economic benefits of adopting Bt cotton in selected COMESA Countries. AgBioforum 16:14–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Muriithi BW, Affognon HD, Diiro GM, Kingori SW, Tanga CM, Nderitu PW, Mohamed SA, Ekesi S (2016) Impact assessment of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy for suppression of mango-infesting fruit flies in Kenya. Crop Prot 81:20–29. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.11.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ndiaye M, Dieng EO, Delhove G (2008) Population dynamics and on-farm fruit fly integrated pest management in mango orchards in the natural area of Niayes in Senegal. Pest Manag Hortic Ecossyst 14:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton G, Rajotte E, Gapud V (1999) Participatory research in integrated pest management: lessons from the IPM CRSP. Agric Hum Values 16:431–439. doi:10.1023/A:1007608019218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ooi PA, Praneetvatakul S, Waibel H, Walter-Echols G (2005) The impact of the FAO-EU IPM Programme for cotton in Asia, ed. Pesticide Policy Project, No. 9, Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  • Preciados LS, Bulayog MSB, Notarte A (2013) Ex-ante impact assessment of the adoption of IPM strategies for mango in Region XI of the southern Philippines. In: Oakeshott J and Hall D. Smallholder HOPES—horticulture, people and soil. Proceedings of the ACIAR-PCAARRD Southern Philippines Fruits and Vegetables Program Meeting, 3 July 2012, Ceby, Philippines. pp 226–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy RJ, Miller NW, Piñero JC, Barry JD, Tran LC, Oride L, Vargas RI (2003) Effectiveness of GF-120 fruit fly bait spray applied to border area plants for control of melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 96:1485–1493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravry C (2008) Situation in Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Fight Fruit Veg Flies Region West Afr 7:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers EM (1995) Diffussion of innovation, 4th edn. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanglestsawaia S, Rejesusb RM, Yorobe JM Jr (2015) Economic impacts of integrated pest management (IPM) farmer field schools (FFS): evidence from onion farmers in the Philippines. Agric Econ 46:149–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sebstad J, Snodgrass D (2004) Assessing the impact of the Kenya BDS and the horticulture development center projects in the Treefruit subsector of Kenya baseline research design (Baseline Research Design Report). USAID, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Vasishtb A, Kumara R, Dasc D (2008) Adoption of integrated pest management practices in paddy and cotton: a case study in Haryana and Punjab. Agric Econ Res Rev 21:221–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurstone LL (1927) A law of comparative judgment. Psychol Rev 34:273–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2011) Kenya’s intra Africa horticultural trade executive summary, Kenya horticulture competitiveness project (KHCP) reports. Fintrac Inc., Nairobi. http://www.hortinews.co.ke/article.php?id=210. (Accessed 2 May 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas RI, Peck SL, McQuate GT, Jackson CG, Stark JD, Armstrong JW (2001) Potential for area-wide integrated management of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a braconid parasitoid and a novel bait spray. J Econ Entomol 94:817–825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vayssières J-F, Sinzogan A, Korie S, Ouagoussounon I, Thomas-Odjo A (2009) Effectiveness of spinosad bait sprays (GF-120) in controlling mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin. J Econ Entomol 102:515–521

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verghese A, Tandon P, Stonehouse JM (2004) Economic evaluation of the integrated management of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango in India. Crop Prot 23:61–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verghese A, Sreedevi K, Nagaraju D (2006) Pre and post harvest IPM for the mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Presented at the fruit flies of economic importance: from basic to applied knowledge-proceedings of the 7th international symposium on fruit flies of economic importance, pp. 10–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorobe J, Rejesus R, Hammig M (2011) Insecticide use impacts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Farmer Field Schools: evidence from onion farmers in the Philippines. Agric Syst 104:580–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support of the GIZ/BMZ and Biovision Foundation Switzerland. We thank Mary Kibira, Josphat Korir and Sarah Kingori for their contributions on the IPM socio-economic studies at icipe.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

    Beatrice W. Muriithi, Gracious M. Diiro & Sunday Ekesi

  2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), BP 320, Bamako, Mali

    Hippolyte Affognon

Authors
  1. Beatrice W. Muriithi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gracious M. Diiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hippolyte Affognon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sunday Ekesi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beatrice W. Muriithi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. & Ecology (ICIPE), Intern. Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya

    Sunday Ekesi

  2. Pant Health dept., Intern. Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya

    Samira A. Mohamed

  3. Entomology Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium

    Marc De Meyer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Muriithi, B.W., Diiro, G.M., Affognon, H., Ekesi, S. (2016). Economic Impact of Integrated Pest Management Strategies for the Suppression of Mango-Infesting Fruit Fly Species in Africa. In: Ekesi, S., Mohamed, S., De Meyer, M. (eds) Fruit Fly Research and Development in Africa - Towards a Sustainable Management Strategy to Improve Horticulture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43226-7_33

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation