Abstract
The phenomenon of dependence has often been associated exclusively with the severe neurophysiological effects related to severe symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal from certain substances or objects as, for example, illicit drugs or gambling. In recent years, however, a new definition and comprehension appeared, indicating that the several symptoms of this disorder and its multiple expressions actually share a common biopsychosocial etiology (Shaffer et al. in Harv Rev Psychiatry 12(6):367–74, 2004; Sussman et al. in Eval Health Prof 34(1):3–56, 2011; Goodman in Biochem Pharmacol 75(1):266–322, 2008). The conventional view implicitly associates the cause of dependence with the properties of those substances or objects and encourages different treatments for that compulsive behavior (Shaffer et al. 2004). Nevertheless, a more comprehensive view of this disorder is called for, since there is a wide range of common characteristics among addictive behaviors.
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de Oliveira, L.G., Eckschmidt, F., Wagner, G.A. (2016). Characterization of Substance Dependence. In: Andrade, A., De Micheli, D. (eds) Innovations in the Treatment of Substance Addiction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43172-7_1
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