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Ankle

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Abstract

Complete examination of the ankle should also include the foot and knee. Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common sports injuries encountered and the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) is the most common ligament injured. Ankle inversion injuries are much more common than eversion injuries due to weakness of the lateral ligaments compared to the medial deltoid ligaments. Ankle sprains can be graded based on the presence or extent of a ligament tear. Grade 1 includes a stretch or partial ATFL tear, Grade 2 includes a complete ATFL tear with stretch or partial tear of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and Grade 3 includes complete tears of the ATFL and CFL. Appropriate physical examination and knowledge of special tests can help diagnose and allow proper grading of ankle injuries. Although ankle sprains are mostly thought of as a benign injury, inadequate healing time and rehabilitation can lead to prolonged symptoms and can mask other injuries around the ankle joint such as fractures and tendinopathies.

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Suggested Reading

  • Brukner P, Khan K. Clinical sports medicine. New York: McGraw Hill; 2006. p. 612–45.

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  • Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical assessment. Musculoskeletal physical examination: an evidence-based approach. San Francisco, CA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013. p. 844–937.

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  • Malanga GA, Nadler S, editors. Musculoskeletal physical examination: an evidence-based approach. San Francisco, CA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. p. 315–43.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2201 Children’s Way Suite 1318, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA

    Aaron Jay Yang MD & Nitin B. Jain MD, MSPH

Authors
  1. Aaron Jay Yang MD
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  2. Nitin B. Jain MD, MSPH
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aaron Jay Yang MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    R. Jason Yong

  2. Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Michael Nguyen

  3. Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Ehren Nelson

  4. Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Health Care Center at Chestnut Hill, Center for Perioperative Research, Sedation for Interventional Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard D. Urman

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© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Yang, A.J., Jain, N.B. (2017). Ankle. In: Yong, R., Nguyen, M., Nelson, E., Urman, R. (eds) Pain Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43133-8_18

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43133-8_18

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43131-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43133-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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