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Advances in Psychology and Law pp 205–239Cite as

An Examination of Whether Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) Evidence Satisfies the Relevance/Prejudice Admissibility Standard

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Part of the book series: Advances in Psychology and Law ((APL,volume 2))

Abstract

The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) assesses psychopathic characteristics in correctional and forensic psychiatric populations. Due to a well-developed body of empirical research suggesting an association between psychopathy and future dangerousness, the PCL-R is used to assess psychopathy and evaluate future risk in numerous legal contexts. Although recent case law surveys indicate that the PCL-R is occasionally misused in legal settings, the admissibility of the PCL-R is rarely questioned. Yet, the PCL-R may not meet the evidentiary standards for admissibility of evidence. This chapter reviews the scientific literature on the PCL-R to examine whether it satisfies the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) test for the admissibility of evidence. We considered three types of evaluations for which the PCL-R or the corresponding youth version, PCL: YV, are used and for which the PCL-R has been rigorously researched: capital sentencing, juvenile transfer, and sexually violent predator (SVP) commitment. Findings supported the probative value of the PCL-R for recidivism in juvenile transfer, long-term sexual recidivism in SVP commitment, and malingering in capital sentencing. Findings did not support probative value of the PCL-R for treatment amenability in juvenile transfer, short-term sexual recidivism for SVP commitment, or for institutional violence in capital sentencing.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The PCL-R has shown to be reliable and modestly valid in assessing psychopathy in females (Vitale and Newman 2001), but some have expressed concern about the PCL-R’s ability to assess the construct of psychopathy in female offenders (Vitale et al. 2002).

  2. 2.

    Several derivative measures of the PCL-R exist. The Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (Forth et al. 2003) is a 20-item measure designed to assess psychopathic traits in male and female adolescent offenders between the ages of 12 and 18. The Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (Hart et al. 1995) is a 12-item brief screening measure for the presence of psychopathy. Several self-report measures have also been created, including the P-SCAN (Hare and Hervé 1999), Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-Fourth Edition (Paulhus et al. in press), and Antisocial Process Screening Device (Frick and Hare 2001).

  3. 3.

    Although evidence may be deemed inadmissible because it fails to clear the 401–403 relevance prejudice hurdle, other evidentiary rules may also render evidence inadmissible. For example, because PCL-R evidence is presented via an expert witness, it also must satisfy the requirements of the rules that specifically pertain to expert evidence (FRE 701–706).

  4. 4.

    Note, however, that while schemes involving the consideration of aggravating and mitigating circumstances predominate, not all jurisdictions follow such a scheme. For example, in choosing between a punishment of life or death at sentencing, Texas law asks jurors to consider the following question after finding a defendant guilty of a capital offense: “Whether, taking into consideration all of the evidence, including the circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s character and background, and the personal moral culpability of the defendant, there is a sufficient mitigating circumstance or circumstances to warrant that a sentence of life imprisonment without parole rather than a death sentence be imposed” (TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.071 (West 2015).

  5. 5.

    This study examined the influence of the psychopathy label on mock jurors’ perceptions of a juvenile capital offender. This study was conducted before Roper v. Simmons, which is the 2005 United States Supreme Court case that abolished the juvenile death penalty. As this study was targeted specifically at a juvenile capital offender, which can now no longer exist, its results are not explored in detail here.

  6. 6.

    Estimates place the base rate of institutional violence in general among capital offenders at under 20 %, and of institutional violence involving serious injury or death at only 2 and 1 %, respectively (Cunningham et al. 2011; Sorensen and Pilgrim 2000; Sorensen and Cunningham 2007; Sorensen and Cunningham 2010).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Stratton Suite 119, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    David DeMatteo & Jaymes Fairfax-Columbo

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Heath Hodges

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

    Brian H. Bornstein

  2. Criminal Justice Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Monica K. Miller

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DeMatteo, D., Hodges, H., Fairfax-Columbo, J. (2016). An Examination of Whether Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) Evidence Satisfies the Relevance/Prejudice Admissibility Standard. In: Bornstein, B., Miller, M. (eds) Advances in Psychology and Law. Advances in Psychology and Law, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43083-6_7

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