Zusammenfassung
Global navigation satellite system (GlossaryTerm
GNSS
) satellites emit signals that propagate as electromagnetic waves through space to the receivers which are located on or near the Earth’s surface or on other satellites. Thereby, electromagnetic waves travel through the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere (troposphere) which causes signals to be delayed, damped, and refracted as the refractivity index of the propagation media is not equal to one. In this chapter, the nature and effects of GNSS signal propagation in both the troposphere and the ionosphere, aref examined. After a brief review of the fundamentals of electromagnetic waves their propagation in refractive media, the effects of the neutral atmosphere are discussed. In addition, empirical correction models as well as the state-of-the-art atmosphere delay estimation approaches are presented. Effects related to signal propagation through the ionosphere are dealt in a dedicated section by describing the error contribution of the first up to third-order terms in the refractive index and ray path bending. After discussing diffraction and scattering phenomena due to ionospheric irregularities, mitigation techniques for different types of applications are presented.Keywords
- Global Position System
- Global Navigation Satellite System
- Global Navigation Satellite System
- Total Electron Content
- Vertical Total Electron Content
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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- BDS:
-
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
- CCIR:
-
Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications
- CODE:
-
Center for Orbit Determination in Europe
- DLR:
-
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
- ECMWF:
-
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- EGNOS:
-
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
- EPB:
-
equatorial plasma bubble
- EUV:
-
extreme ultraviolet
- GFZ:
-
Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
- GNSS:
-
global navigation satellite system
- GPS:
-
Global Positioning System
- GPT:
-
global pressure and temperature (model)
- IERS:
-
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
- IGS:
-
International GNSS Service
- IOV:
-
in-orbit validation
- IRI:
-
international reference ionosphere
- LOS:
-
line-of-sight
- NMF:
-
Niell mapping function
- NWM:
-
numerical weather model
- NWP:
-
numerical weather prediction
- PDOP:
-
position dilution of precision
- RMS:
-
root mean square
- RTI:
-
Rayleigh-Taylor instability
- SBAS:
-
satellite-based augmentation system
- STEC:
-
slant total electron content
- TEC:
-
total electron content
- UNB:
-
University of New Brunswick
- URSI:
-
International Union of Radio Science
- VMF:
-
Vienna mapping function
- VTEC:
-
vertical total electron content
- WAAS:
-
Wide Area Augmentation System
- ZHD:
-
zenith hydrostatic delay
- ZWD:
-
zenith wet delay
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Acknowledgements
Norbert Jakowski would like to express his gratitude to his colleagues from the German Aerospace Center with whom he has worked over many years. In particular he thanks his colleague Dr. Mohammed Mainul Hoque for close cooperation for more than a decade.
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Hobiger, T., Jakowski, N. (2017). Atmospheric Signal Propagation. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_6
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