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Monitoring of the Neutral Atmosphere

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Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Zusammenfassung

Global navigation satellite system (GlossaryTerm

GNSS

)-based atmosphere sounding techniques have become a widely recognized and operationally used remote sensing tool. A major milestone of this development was the beginning of the continuous use of GNSS data for improving regional and global forecasts in 2006. The principle behind these techniques is the utilization of atmospheric propagation effects on the GNSS signals on their way from the navigation satellites to receivers on the ground or aboard satellites. The atmosphere delays the time of arrival and introduces a curvature of the signal path. These effects can be accurately estimated and be used for the monitoring of the atmospheric variability. There are two different observation geometries. Therefore, we focus in the first part of this chapter on ground-based networks which are used to estimate the amount of water vapor above each receiver site. The second part deals with the use of radio occultation measurements from GNSS receivers aboard low Earth orbit satellites for global atmosphere sounding. We introduce and describe both techniques which provide observations suitable for the short-term weather forecasting and the long-term time series for climate research and monitoring.

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Abbreviations

ECMWF:

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

ESA:

European Space Agency

GLONASS:

Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikova Sistema (Russian Global Navigation Satellite System)

GNSS:

global navigation satellite system

GPS:

Global Positioning System

GRAS:

GNSS receiver for atmospheric sounding

IGS:

International GNSS Service

ISS:

International Space Station

JPL:

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

LEO:

low Earth orbit

MEO:

medium Earth orbit

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NMF:

Niell mapping function

NWP:

numerical weather prediction

PCV:

phase center variation

PLL:

phase lock loop

QZSS:

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

RO:

radio occultation

RTK:

real-time kinematic

SA:

selective availability

SLTA:

straight line tangent point altitude

SNR:

signal-to-noise ratio

UTC:

Coordinated Universal Time

VLBI:

very long baseline interferometry

ZHD:

zenith hydrostatic delay

ZTD:

zenith troposphere delay

ZWD:

zenith wet delay

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Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank several colleagues for providing information and figures: Chi On Ao (JPL), Christina Arras (GFZ), Georg Beyerle (GFZ), Galina Dick (GFZ), Axel von Engeln (EUMETSAT), Antonia Faber (GFZ), Rüdiger Haas (Chalmers), Sean Healy (ECMWF), Stefan Heise (GFZ), Tong Ning (Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority), Torsten Schmidt (GFZ), Hans-Georg Scherneck (Chalmers), Bill Schreiner (UCAR), Andrea Steiner (Wegener Center), Tom Yunck (GeoOptics), and Florian Zus (GFZ).

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  1. Dept. of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Observatorievägen 90, 43992, Onsala, Sweden

    Gunnar Elgered

  2. Dept. of Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Jens Wickert

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  1. Gunnar Elgered
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Correspondence to Gunnar Elgered .

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  1. Dept. of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, WA 6845, Perth, Australia

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  2. Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  3. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Münchener Str. 20, 82234, Wessling, Germany

    Oliver Montenbruck

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Elgered, G., Wickert, J. (2017). Monitoring of the Neutral Atmosphere. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_38

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