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Geodesy

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Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Zusammenfassung

Continuous geodetic observations are fundamental to characterize changes in space and time that affect the Earth system. The advent of global navigation satellite systems (GlossaryTerm

GNSS

s), starting with the Global Positioning System (GlossaryTerm

GPS

) in the early 1980s, has significantly increased the range of geodetic applications and their precision. Significant improvements have progressively been made in the GNSS software packages developed by research institutes, leading to the determination of high-precision geodetic parameters and their temporal variations. The proliferation of dense GNSS networks (local, national, continental and global), composed of continuously observing stations, allows for a variety of geodetic and Earth science applications. Most areas of science, Earth observation, georeferencing applications, and society at large, today depend on being able to determine positions to millimeter-level precision. Point positions, to be meaningful and fully exploitable, have to be determined and expressed in a well-defined reference frame. All current global and regional reference frames rely on the availability of the international terrestrial reference frame (GlossaryTerm

ITRF

), which is the most accurate realization of the international terrestrial reference system (GlossaryTerm

ITRS

). One of the major modern achievements in geodesy today is the ability to determine highly precise global and regional terrestrial reference frames based on GNSS observations, fully connected to the ITRF. This chapter describes the use and applications of GNSS in geodesy, focusing on its role in the International Association of Geodesy’s (IAG’s) global geodetic observing system (GGOS) for monitoring our planet in space and time, GNSS-based reference frame implementation, Earth rotation and sea level monitoring.

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Abbreviations

AC:

analysis center

BIH:

Bureau International de l’Heure

BIPM:

Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

CODE:

Center for Orbit Determination in Europe

DORIS:

Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite

GEO:

geostationary Earth orbit

GLONASS:

Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikova Sistema (Russian Global Navigation Satellite System)

GNSS:

global navigation satellite system

GPS:

Global Positioning System

IAU:

International Astronomical Union

IERS:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

IGS:

International GNSS Service

ITRF:

International Terrestrial Reference Frame

ITRS:

International Terrestrial Reference System

IUGG:

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NGA:

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

PCV:

phase center variation

POD:

precise orbit determination

QZSS:

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

RINEX:

receiver independent exchange (format)

SAR:

synthetic aperture radar

SINEX:

solution independent exchange (format)

SISRE:

signal-in-space range error

SLR:

satellite laser ranging

TCG:

Geocentric Coordinate Time

TRF:

terrestrial reference frame

UT:

Universal Time

VLBI:

very long baseline interferometry

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Acknowledgements

The work of Zuheir Altamimi described in this chapter was performed at IGN France, host of the ITRF Center. The work of Richard Gross described in this chapter was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Paris Diderot (LAREG), Institut National de l’Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN), Bâtiment Lamarck A et B, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France

    Zuheir Altamimi

  2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, CA 91109, Pasadena, USA

    Richard Gross

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  1. Zuheir Altamimi
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Correspondence to Zuheir Altamimi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, WA 6845, Perth, Australia

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  2. Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  3. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Münchener Str. 20, 82234, Wessling, Germany

    Oliver Montenbruck

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Altamimi, Z., Gross, R. (2017). Geodesy. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_36

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