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Antennas

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Zusammenfassung

The basic purpose of a global navigation satellite system (GlossaryTerm

GNSS

) user antenna is the reception of navigation signals from all visible GNSS satellites. Transmit antennas onboard the GNSS satellites, on the other hand, are quite different and employ large antenna arrays to create high-gain global beams illuminating the entire surface of the Earth.

This chapter presents different design options for GNSS antennas operating in the L-band of the radio frequency spectrum. It starts with a brief discussion of key requirements for the GNSS receiving antenna, where several design parameters are introduced and explained. Thereafter, antennas of different design technologies suitable to GNSS are explored and discussed in detail. Following the introduction of major antenna candidates, different variants for specialized requirements, such as the small form factor or multipath mitigation are presented. Complementary to receiving antennas, the design of antenna arrays for signal transmission on the GNSS satellites is presented next, along with a discussion on specific antennas employed on the Global Positioning System (GlossaryTerm

GPS

), Galileo, Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikova Sistema (GlossaryTerm

GLONASS

) and BeiDou satellites. Finally, a comprehensive discussion on antenna measurements and the performance evaluation is provided.

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Abbreviations

ANTEX:

antenna exchange (format)

ARP:

antenna reference point

AUT:

antenna under test

BDS:

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

CRPA:

controlled radiation pattern antenna

DAB:

digital audio broadcast

DLR:

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt

DVB:

digital video broadcasting

ESA:

European Space Agency

FBR:

front-to-back ratio

FNBW:

first-null beam width

FOC:

full operational capability

FPGA:

field programmable gate array

FRPA:

fixed radiation pattern antenna

GBAS:

ground-based augmentation system

GIOVE:

Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element

GIS:

geographic information system

GLONASS:

Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikova Sistema (Russian Global Navigation Satellite System)

GNSS:

global navigation satellite system

GPS:

Global Positioning System

GRAS:

GNSS receiver for atmospheric sounding

HPBW:

half-power beam width

IFA:

inverted-F antenna

IGS:

International GNSS Service

IGSO:

inclined geo-synchronous orbit

IOV:

in-orbit validation

IRNSS:

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

ITU:

International Telecommunication Union

JAXA:

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

LHCP:

left-hand circular polarized

LNA:

low-noise amplifier

LOS:

line-of-sight

MEO:

medium Earth orbit

MPR:

multipath rejection ratio

PCB:

printed circuit board

PCO:

phase center offset

PCV:

phase center variation

PNT:

positioning, navigation and timing

PPS:

precise positioning service

QHA:

quadrifilar helix antenna

QZSS:

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

RF:

radio frequency

RHCP:

right-hand circular polarized

RNSS:

radio navigation satellite service

RTCA:

Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics

SAR:

search and rescue

SBAS:

satellite-based augmentation system

SDR:

software defined radio

SPS:

standard positioning service

TEC:

total electron content

TT&C:

telemetry, tracking, and commanding

UHF:

ultra-high frequency

VNA:

vector network analyzer

VSWR:

voltage standing wave ratio

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this chapter would like to thank the Editors of the book for their guidance during the development of this chapter. The authors would also like to thank Prof. Steffen Schön, Lori Winkler, and Prof. Dmitry Tatarnikov, who took time from their busy schedules and helped in getting the clearance for some of the key images required for this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, 1 Islamabad Highway, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Moazam Maqsood

  2. School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Jennison Building, CT2 7NT, Canterbury, Kent, UK

    Steven Gao

  3. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Münchener Str. 20, 82234, Wessling, Germany

    Oliver Montenbruck

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  1. Moazam Maqsood
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  2. Steven Gao
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  3. Oliver Montenbruck
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Correspondence to Moazam Maqsood .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, WA 6845, Perth, Australia

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  2. Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  3. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Münchener Str. 20, 82234, Wessling, Germany

    Oliver Montenbruck

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Maqsood, M., Gao, S., Montenbruck, O. (2017). Antennas. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_17

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