Skip to main content

Adult Hip and Pelvis Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Hip and Pelvis in Sports Medicine and Primary Care

Abstract

Hip and pelvis pain are relatively common presenting complaints in adult patients. The diagnosis can be challenging as the patient may present with hip pain, groin pain or even pain referred to other areas. Additionally, due to overlapping pain patterns, injury or disease from nearby structures can refer pain to the hip and pelvis. The result is a large differential diagnosis which can appear daunting to the evaluating provider. As such, it is helpful to divide hip and pelvis pathology into anterior, lateral, and posterior causes of pain while remembering to include examinations of the abdomen, spine, and knee in appropriate cases. This chapter reviews the common musculoskeletal etiologies, associated symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of adults presenting with hip and/or pelvis pain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O’Connell M, MacMohan P, O’Neill P. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nicholas SJ. Tyler TF adductor muscle strains in sport. Sports Med. 2002;32(5):339–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rishiraj N, Lloyd-Smith R, Lorenz T, Niven B, Michel M. University men’s ice hockey: rates and risk of injuries over 6-years. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009;49:159–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96:861–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Koulouris G. Imaging review of groin pain in elite athletes: an anatomic approach to imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:962–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Frizziero A, Trainito S, Oliva F, Aldini NN, Masiero S, Maffulli N. The role of eccentric exercise in sports injuries rehabilitation. Br Med Bull. 2014;110:47–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Am C, Jamison ST, McNally MP, Pan X, Schmitt LC. Hip adductor activations during run-to-cut manoeuvres in compression shorts: implications for return to sport after groin injury. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(14):1333–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dallaudière B, Pesquer L, Meyer P, Silvestre A, Perozziello A, et al. Intratendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma under US guidance to treat tendinopathy: a long-term pilot study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(5):717–23. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.026. Epub 2014 Mar 20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mendiguchia J, Alentorn-Geli E, Idoate F, Myer GD. Rectus femoris muscle injuries in football: a clinically relevant review of mechanism of injury, risk factors and preventative strategies. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:359–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aronen JG, Garrick JG, Chronister RD. Quadriceps contusions: clinical results of immediate immobilization in 120 degrees of knee flexion. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16:383–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nowaczyk P, Murawa D, Zmudzinska M, Wasiewicz J. Myositis ossificans of the quadriceps femoris mimicking sarcoma as a diagnostic and therapeutic problem—case report and literature review. Pol J Surg. 2013;85(9):520–6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ryan JB, Wheeler JH, Hopkinson WJ, et al. Quadriceps contusions. West Point update. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(3):299–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yochum AM, Reckelhoff K, Kaeser M, Kettner NW. Ultrasonography and radiography to identify early post traumatic myositis ossificans in an 18-year-old male: a case report. J Chiropr Med. 2014;13:134–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Abate M, Salini V, Rimondi E, Errani C, Marco Alberghini M, Mercuri M, Pelotti P. Post traumatic myositis ossificans: sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound. 2011;39(3):135–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mani-Babu S, Wolman R, Keen R. Quadriceps traumatic myositis ossificans in a football player: management with intravenous pamidronate. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24(5):e56–8. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mavrogenis AF, Soucacos PN, Papagelopoulos PJ. Heterotopic ossification revisited. Orthopedics. 2011;34(3):177. doi:10.3928/01477447-20110124-08.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Buselli P, Coco V, Notarnicola A, Messina S, Saggini R, Tafuri S, Moretti L, Moretti B. Shock waves in the treatment of post-traumatic myositis ossificans. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(3):397–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hureibi KA, McLatchie GR. Groin pain in athletes. Scott Med J. 2010;55(2):8–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Johnston CA, Wiley JP, Lindsay DM, Wiseman DA. Iliopsoas bursitis and tendonitis. Sports Med. 1998;25(4):271–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Di Sante L, Paoloni M, De Benedittis S, Tognolo L, Santilli V. Groin pain and iliopsoas bursitis: always a cause-effect relationship? J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27:103–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fricker PA. Management of groin pain in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(2):91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Heolmich P. Adductor-related groin pain in athletes. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 1997;5(4):285–91.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Karlsson J, Jerre R. The use of radiography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound in the diagnosis of hip, pelvis, and groin injuries. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 1997;5(4):268–73.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Seidenberg PH, Sirota M. Hip and pelvis. In: Birrer, O’Connor, Kane, editors. Musculoskeletal and sports medicine: essentials for the primary care practitioner, 4th edition. Philadelphia: CRC Press, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Becker I, Woodley SJ, Stringer MD. The adult human pubic symphysis. J Anat. 2010;217:475–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Herren C, Sobottke R, Dadgar A, Ringe MJ, Graf M, Keller K, Eysel P, Mallmann P, Siewe J. Peripartum pubic symphysis separation—current strategies in diagnosis and therapy and presentation of two cases. Injury. 2015;46:1074–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Beatty T. Osteitis pubis in athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(2):96–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Vitanzo PC, McShane JM. Osteitis pubis: solving a perplexing problem. Phys Sports Med. 2001;29(7):33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Choi H, McCartney M, Best TM. Treatment of osteitis pubis and osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis in athletes: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:57–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. McAleer SS, Gille J, Bark S, Riepenhof H. Management of chronic recurrent osteitis pubis/pubic bone stress in a premier league footballer: evaluating the evidence base and application of a nine-point management strategy. Phys Ther Sport. 2015;16:285–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Matsuda DK, Ribas M, Matsuda NA, Domb BG. Multicenter outcomes of endoscopic pubic symphysectomy for osteitis pubis associated with femoroacetabular impingement. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(7):1255–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Henning PT. The running athlete: stress fractures, osteitis pubis, and snapping hips. Sports Health. 2014;6(2):122–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Jacobs JM, Cameron KL, Bojescul JA. Lower extremity stress fractures in the military. Clin Sports Med. 2014;33:591–613.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pavlov H, Nelson TL, Warren RF, Torg JS, Burstein AH. Stress fractures of the pubic ramus: a report of twelve cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64(7):1020–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gold M, Anderson CN, Fredericson M, Safran MR, Stevens KJ. Femoral neck stress fractures and imaging features of femoroacetabular impingement. PM R. 2015;7:584–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Markey KL. Stress fractures. Clin Sports Med. 1987;6(2):405–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. DeFranco MJ, Recht M, Schilis J, Parker RD. Stress fractures of the femur in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25(1):89–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Behrens SB, Deren ME, Matson A, Fadale PD, Monchik KO. Stress fractures of the pelvis and legs in athletes: a review. Sports Health. 2013;5(2):165–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Quinn SF, McCarthy JL. Prospective evaluation of patients with suspected hip fracture and indeterminate radiographs: use of T1-weighted MR images. Radiology. 1993;187(2):469–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shin AY, Morin WD, Gorman JD, Jones SB, Lapinsky AS. The superiority of magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating the cause of hip pain in endurance athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(2):168–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Scudese BA. Traumatic anterior hip dislocation. Clin Orthop. 1972;88:60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Walsh ZT, Micheli LJ. Hip dislocation in a high school football player. Phys Sports Med. 1989;17:112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nishina T, Saito S, Ohzono K, Shimizu N, Hosoya T, Ono K. Chiari pelvic osteotomy for osteoarthritis: the influence of the torn and detached acetabular labrum. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72:765.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hougaard K, Thomsen PB. Traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip—prognostic factors influencing the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986;106:32–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pouya F, Kerachian MA. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: are any genes involved? Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2015;3(3):149–55.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Nuccion S, Hunter DM, Finerman GAM. Hip and pelvis: adult. In: DeLee JC, Drez Jr D, Miller MD, editors. DeLee & Drez’s orthopedic sports medicine: principles and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2003. p. 1443–80.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Assouline-Dayan Y, Change C, Greenspan A, Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME. Pathogenesis and natural history of osteonecrosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2002;32(2):94–124; Beatty T. Osteitis pubis in athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(2):96–8.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Cia J, Wu Z, Huang L, Chen J, Wu C, Wang S, Deng Z, Wu W, Luo F, Tan J. Cotransplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Transplant Proc. 2014;46:151–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Roberts WN, Williams RB. Hip pain. Prim Care. 1988;15:783–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Domb BG, Shindle MK, McArthur B, Voos JE, Magennis EM, Kelly BT. Iliopsoas impingement: a newly identified cause of labral pathology in the hip. HSS J. 2011;7:145–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Philippon MJ, Stubbs AJ, Schenker ML, Maxwell RB, Ganz R, Leunig M. Arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement: osteoplasty technique and literature review. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1571–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. McCarthy JC, Busconi B. The role of hip arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hip disease. Orthopedics. 1995;18:753–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Naraghi A, White LM. MRI of labral and chondral lesions of the hip. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205:479–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lee AJ, Armour P, Thind D, Coates MH, Kang AC. The prevalence of acetabular labral tears and associated pathology in young asymptomatic population. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:623–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Byrd JW. Labral lesions: an elusive source of hip pain: case reports and literature review. Arthroscopy. 1996;12:603–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lage L, Patel J, Villar R. The acetabular labral tear: an arthroscopic classification. Arthroscopy. 1996;12(3):269–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Beal DP, Sweet CF, Martin HD, Lastine CL, Grayson DE, Ly JQ, Fish JR. Imaging findings of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34:691–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ganz R, Parvizi J, Beck M, Leunig M, Notzli H, Siebenrock KA. Femoroacetabular impingement. A cause for osteoarthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop. 2003;417:112–20.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Nielsen TG, Miller LL, Lund B, Christiansen SE, Lind M. Outcome of arthroscopic treatment for symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:394–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Bittersohl B, Hosalkar HS, Hesper T, Tiderius CJ, Zilkens C, Krauspe R. Advanced imaging in femoroacetabular impingement: current state and future prospects. Front Surg. 2015;2(34):1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Reiman MP, Goode AP, Cook CE, Holmich P, Thorborg K. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for the diagnosis of hip femoroacetabular impingement/labral tear: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:811–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ayeni O, Chu R, Hetaimish B, Nur L, Simunovic N, Farrokhyar F, Bedi A, Bhandari M. A painful squat test provides limited diagnostic utility in CAM-type femoroacetabular impingement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22:806–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Frank JM, Harris JD, Erickson BJ, Slikker W, Bush-Joseph CA, Salata MJ, Nhu SJ. Prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement imaging findings in asymptomatic volunteers: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:1199–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sheen AJ, Stephenson BM, Lloyd DM, Robinson P, Fevre D, Paajanen H, de Beaux A, Kingsnorth A, Gilmore OJ, Bennett D, Maclennan I, O’Dwyer P, Sanders D, Kurzer M. Treatment of the sportsman’s groin: British Hernia Society’s 2014 position statement based on the Manchester consensus conference. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1079–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ellsworth AA, Zoland MP, Tyler TF. Athletic pubalgia and associated rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(6):774–84.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Khan W, Zoga AC, Meyers WC. Magnetic resonance imaging of athletic pubalgia and the sports hernia—current understanding and practice. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2013;12:97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Mullens FE, Zoga AC, Morrison WB, Meyers WC. Review of MRI technique and imaging findings in athletic pubalgia and the “sports hernia”. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:3780–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Larson CM. Sports hernia/athletic pubalgia: evaluation and management. Sports Health. 2014;6(2):139–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Hegedus EJ, Stern B, Reiman MP, Tarara D, Wright AA. A suggested model for physical examination and conservative treatment of athletic pubalgia. Phys Ther Sport. 2013;14:3–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ahumada LA, Ashruf S, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros A, Long JN, de la Torre JI, Garth WP, Vasconez LO. Athletic pubalgia: definition and surgical treatment. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;55(4):393–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jakoi A, O’Neill C, Damsgaard C, Fehring K, Tom J. Sports hernia in National Hockey League players: does surgery affect performance? Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:107–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jacobson T, Allen WC. Surgical correction of the snapping iliopsoas tendon. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18(5):470–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Nelson IR. Keene. Results of labral-level arthroscopic iliopsoas tenotomies for treatment of labral impingement. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(6):688–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Idjadi J, Meislin R. Symptomatic snapping hip: targeted treatment for maximum pain relief. Phys Sportsmed. 2004;32(1):25–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Allen WC, Cope R. Coxa saltans: the snapping hip revisited. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1995;3(5):303–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Larsen E, Johansen J. Snapping hip. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57(2):168–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Dawes AR, Seidenberg PH. Sonography of sports injuries of the hip. Sports Health. 2014;6(6):531–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Deslandes M, Guillin R, Cardinal E, Hobden R, Bureau NJ. The snapping iliopsoas tendon: new mechanisms using dynamic sonography. Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:576–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Pelsser V, Cardinal E, Hobden R, Aubin B, Lafortune M. Extraarticular snapping hip: sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(1):67–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Farber AJ, Wilckens JH, Jarvis CG. Pelvic pain in the athlete: In: Seidenberg PH, Beutler AI, editors. The sports medicine resource manual. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. p. 306–27.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Zoltan DJ, Clancy WG, Keene JS. A new operative approach to snapping hip and refractory trochanteric bursitis in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14:201–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Board TN, Hughes SJ, Freemont AJ. Trochanteric bursitis: the last great misnomer. Hip Int. 2014;24(6):610–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mulligan EP, Middleton EF, Brunette M. Evaluation and management of greater trochanter pain syndrome. Phys Ther Sport. 2015;16:205–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Seidenberg PH, Childress MA. Managing hip pain in athletes. J Musculoskelet Med. 2005;22(5):246–54.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Mallow M, Nazarian LN. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome diagnosis and treatment. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25:279–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Klauser AS, Martinoli C, Tagliafico A, Bellmann-Weiler R, Feuchtner GM, Wick M, Jaschke WR. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2013;17:43–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Hall M, Anderson J. Hip pointers. Clin Sports Med. 2013;32:325–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Nouraei SA, Anand B, Spink G, O’Neill KS. A novel approach to the diagnosis and management of meralgia paresthetica. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(4):696–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cheatham SW, Kolber MJ, Salamh PA. Meralgia paresthetica: a review of the literature. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8(6):883–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Suh DH, Kim DH, Park JW, Park BK. Sonographic and electrophysiologic findings in patients with meralgia paresthetica. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124:1460–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tagliafico A, Serafini G, Lacelli F, Perrone N, Valsania V, Martinoli C. Ultrasound-guided treatment of meralgia paresthetica (lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy). J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30:1341–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Philip CN, Candido KD, Joseph NJ, Crystal GJ. Successful treatment of meralgia paresthetica with pulsed radiofrequency ablation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Pain Pract. 2012;12(5):394–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Mendiguchia J, Alentorn-Geli E, Brughelli M. Hamstring strain injuries: are we heading in the right direction? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):81–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Bennell KL, Wajswelner H. Risk factors for hamstring injuries in community level Australian football. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(2):106–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Heiderscheit BC, Sherry MA, Silder A, Chumanov ES, Thelen DG. Hamstring strain injuries: recommendations for diagnosis, rehabilitation and injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(2):67–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Kerkhoffs GM, van Es N, Wieldraaijer T, Sierevelt IN, Ekstrand J, van Dijk CN. Diagnosis and prognosis of acute hamstring injuries in athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(2):500–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hamilton B, Tol JL, Almusa E, Boukarroum S, Eirale C, Farooq A, Whiteley R, Chalabi H. Platelet-rich plasma does not enhance return to play in hamstring injuries: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:943–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Seidenberg PH, Lynch SA. Hip pain in athletes—when it is not the labrum. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14(5):373–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Roos HP. Hip pain in sport. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 1997;5(4):292–300.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Armfield DR, Kim DH, Towers JD, Bradley JP, Robertson DD. Sports-related muscle injury in the lower extremity. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25(4):803–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Boyd KT, Peirce NS, Batt ME. Common hip injuries in sport. Sports Med. 1997;24(4):273–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Webb CW, Geshel R. Thoracic and lumbar spine injuries. In: Seidenberg PH, Beutler AI, editors. The sports medicine resource manual. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. p. 285–305.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  104. Brolinson PG, Kozar AJ, Cibor G. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction in athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003;2(1):47–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Clavel AL. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction: from a simple pain in the butt to integrated care for complex low back pain. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage. 2011;15(2):40–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Tuite MJ. Sacroiliac joint imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2008;12(1):72–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Chen CK, Nizar AJ. Prevalence of piriformis syndrome in chronic low back pain patients. A clinical diagnosis with modified FAIR test. Pain Pract. 2013;13(4):276–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Fishman L, Dombi G, Michaelson C, Ringel S, Rozbruch J, Rosner B, Weber C. Piriformis syndrome: diagnosis, treatment and outcome—a 10 year study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:295–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Cassidy L, Walters A, Bubb K, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. Piriformis syndrome: implications of anatomical variations, diagnostic techniques, and treatment options. Surg Radiol Anat. 2012;34:479–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Papadopoulos EC, Khan SN. Piriformis syndrome and low back pain: a new classification and review of the literature. Orthop Clin North Am. 2004;35(1):65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Steiner C, Staubs C, Ganon M, Buhlinger C. Piriformis syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1987;87(4):318–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Jeong HS, Lee GY, Lee EG, Joe EG, Lee JW, Kang HS. Long-term assessment of clinical outcomes of ultrasound-guided steroid injections in patients with piriformis syndrome. Ultrasonography. 2015;34(3):206–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Santamato A, Micello MF, Valeno G, Beatrice R, Cinone N, Baricich A, Picelli A, Panza F, Logroscino G, Fiore P, Ranieri M. Ultrasound-guided injection of botulinum toxin type A for piriformis muscle syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7:3045–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Doursounian L, Maigne JY, Faure F, Chatellier G. Coccygectomy for instability of the coccyx. Int Orthop. 2004;28:176–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Hodges SD, Eck JC, Humphreys SC. A treatment and outcomes analysis of patients with coccydynia. Spine J. 2002;4:138–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Jarvis SK, Abbott JA, Lenart MG, Steensma A, Vancaillie TG. Pilot study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44:46–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Perkins R, Schofferman J, Reynolds J. Coccygectomy for severe refractory sacrococcygeal joint pain. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2003;16:100–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Seidenberg PH, Childress MA. Physical examination of the hip and pelvis. In: Seidenberg PH, Beutler AI, editors. The sports medicine resource manual. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. p. 110–22.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  119. Geraci Jr MC, Brown W. Evidence-based treatment of hip and pelvic injuries in runners. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2005;16(3):711–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. McGrory BJ. Stinchfield resisted hip flexion test. Hosp Physician. 1999;35(9):41–2.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter H. Seidenberg MD, FAAFP, FACSM, RMSK .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seidenberg, P.H., Pitzer, M., Seifert, M.K. (2017). Adult Hip and Pelvis Disorders. In: Seidenberg MD, FAAFP, FACSM, RMSK, P., Bowen MD, FAAPMR, CAQSM, RMSK, CSCS, J., King MD, D. (eds) The Hip and Pelvis in Sports Medicine and Primary Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42788-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42788-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42786-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42788-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics