Abstract
This chapter analyses how different discourses influence knowledge-building processes in terms of their main concerns, water sector boundaries, and types of information considered legitimate, in the context of Lima. It shows how these processes are embedded in urban configurations, and how the legitimacy of mapping processes needs to be negotiated across boundaries. We analyse how iterative mapping processes within three concertación (Concertación’ has no proper translation into English. We have discussed the concept elsewhere (Miranda and Hordijk 1998). It refers to the process of reaching agreements for joint action through dialogue and deliberation.) processes in Lima reveal uneven geographies of water-related vulnerabilities and inequalities, and presenting the outcomes of the cross-boundary processes of social construction for generating, analysing, and exchanging knowledge on water vulnerabilities. Three research and policy-building projects in Lima reflect how mappings of ‘water-related vulnerabilities and risks’ are socially constructed. Firstly, maps draw on different discourses and framings, data inputs and classifications at multiple spatial scales. Secondly, they visualise spatial inequalities and link multiple dimensions to one geographic locality, building a more integrated understanding of the dynamics and spatial differentiation of Lima’s ‘waterscape’, combining human and natural processes. As a result, it becomes easier to discuss the legitimacy of different types of knowledge among various actors. Thirdly, maps facilitate ‘exchange on priorities, conflicts and synergies’, providing inputs into negotiation processes between actors in water governance configurations. Although mapping produces new types of knowledge, it is necessary to ensure that the results are incorporated into policy-making and implemented for wider acceptance.
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Notes
- 1.
This is water as an economic, a human right and social, a socio-ecological good, and a technical sector.
- 2.
‘Concertación’has no proper translation into English. We have discussed the concept elsewhere (Miranda and Hordijk 1998). It refers to the process of reaching agreements for joint action through dialogue and deliberation.
- 3.
Para-statal water company that supplies and distributes drinking water for Lima, www.sedapal.gob.pe.
- 4.
The water regulator institution in Peru, www.sunass.gob.pe.
- 5.
Together these consisted of more than 50 workshops, seminars, fora, and focus group discussions. In addition, the first author (as FORO director) was also the team leader in developing the Climate Change (CC) adaptation strategy of Lima and actively participated in the Concerted Development Plan of Lima with the MML.
- 6.
Instituto Metropolitano de Planificación (IMP), MML Concerted Development Regional Plan, 2013.
- 7.
This area is characterised by a natural system with a mix of biotic and non-biotic elements that support essential ecological processes, including the green coast, island and islets, wetlands, sand deserts and the tillandsias plant vegetation, rivers, coastal ridges and mountains.
- 8.
The major effects of El Niño are caused by rising seawater temperatures. This creates high evaporation, which moves beyond the Andes and causes persistent and extreme rainfall, registered since 1911. These have important socio-economic effects on activities like agriculture, communication networks, services and living, which in turn impact the national gross domestic product (GDP), and has a direct effect on Lima’s climate (there is a direct relation between the increase of sea temperature and the climate).
- 9.
This organisation is the National Fund for Financing State Enterprise Activity, which exists since 1999.
- 10.
Cespedes, José (Sedapal) ‘Gestión del Ciclo del Agua’, presentation in Ecological Infrastructure Course, FCPV, ILPOE, LiWa, 2013.
- 11.
Based on data from SEDAPAL and the 2007 INEI census.
- 12.
This seems to be related to the subsidised tariff, which a large number of inhabitants of Lima receive, yet which SEDAPAL claims does not give full cost recovery.
- 13.
The costs estimated were provided in Nuevo Soles and converted to US Dollars on August 5, 2015.
- 14.
See Supreme Decree http://www.munizlaw.com/normas/2014/Diciembre/28-12-14/D.S.%20N%C2%BA%20024-2014-MINAGRI.pdf. Accessed 6 March 2016.
- 15.
Civil Defence National Institute, see http://sinpad.indeci.gob.pe/PortalSINPAD/Default.aspx?ItemId=74. Accessed 31 August 2015.
- 16.
LiWa stands for Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management in Urban Growth Centres Coping with Climate Change - Concepts for Lima Metropolitana (Peru), a German sponsored research project of several German universities where the water company SEDAPAL, Cities for Life Foro as well as MML were actively involved. http://www.lima-water.de/es/index.html. Accessed 5 March 2016.
- 17.
Chance2Sustain is the acronym for the research project ‘Urban Chances, City Growth and the Sustainability Challenge’; funded by the EU Seventh Framework Programme. The Technical Group for the development of the LMCCS wrote the Strategy Paper, which was subsequently submitted to the MML, and accepted by the Council.
- 18.
The MML project sponsored by AVINA and developed by Cities for Life Forum was participatory and developed through deliberations with the Climate Change Technical Commission of the Environmental Commission of Lima Metropolitan Municipality, the Strategy was approved by MML in 2014.
- 19.
In the LiWA project, opening up to water governance framings and taking wider ecosystem issues into account, proved difficult, and the ‘products’ remain academic, with little that can be practically applied so far.
- 20.
Bardossy A, Jochen S, Chamorro Alejandro, 2011. Modelamiento del Clima y Balance hídrico de Lima. Proyecto LiWa- IWS- Universidad de Stuttgart, confirmed later by ANA studies.
- 21.
Given the dependence on hydroelectric generation (more than 60 % in Peru), under a water scarcity scenario, energy to pump water will be a problem too.
- 22.
A recent study by CENEPRED (2015) identified more than 7 million inhabitants in danger of a heavy rainfall in Lima facing upcoming ENSO 2015–2016.
- 23.
This was on individual anonymous basis.
- 24.
Inclusive spaces are spaces of trust where mutual understanding is sought to encourage key actors to fully participate in building consensus on agreements, reduce conflicts among the group, and receive/welcome new sources of knowledge.
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Sara, L.M., Pfeffer, K., Baud, I. (2017). Unfolding Urban Geographies of Water-Related Vulnerability and Inequalities: Recognising Risks in Knowledge Building in Lima, Peru. In: Bell, S., Allen, A., Hofmann, P., Teh, TH. (eds) Urban Water Trajectories. Future City, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42686-0_6
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