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The Protection of Soil Under Namibian Law

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International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016

Part of the book series: International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy ((IYSLP,volume 2016))

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Abstract

Namibia, one of the driest countries in sub-Saharan Africa, has a generally low vegetation cover and soil degradation is one of the major environmental challenges facing the country. A sound legal and policy framework is essential to preserve and stabilise fragile soils, protect biological diversity and to ensure that socio-economic value of the soil are maintained for the benefit of the people living in Namibia, especially those in rural areas, most of them directly dependent on the soil. This article provides an overview of Namibia’s varied legal and policy framework pertinent to soil protection, which spans various sectors and institutions.

Namibia, land of the brave

Beloved land of savannahs

Extract from the Namibian National Anthem

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting (2016), p. 1.

  2. 2.

    For further details see Zaire (2014), p. 37.

  3. 3.

    Melber (2011), p. 27 ff.

  4. 4.

    Amoo and Skeffers (2008), p. 17.

  5. 5.

    Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting (2016), p. 1.

  6. 6.

    With further references Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting (2016), p. 4.

  7. 7.

    Du Plessis (1999), p. 40.

  8. 8.

    Du Plessis (1999), p. 49.

  9. 9.

    Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting (2012), pp. 33–64.

  10. 10.

    With further references Ruppel (2016a), p. 49.

  11. 11.

    Cf. Government of the Republic of Namibia (2012b), p. 2.

  12. 12.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2012a, b), pp. 42 and 5.

  13. 13.

    CIA (2015).

  14. 14.

    Sweet and Burke (2006).

  15. 15.

    Niang and Ruppel (2014).

  16. 16.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a).

  17. 17.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2007), p. 1.

  18. 18.

    Cf. Ruppel et al. (2016) and Hinz and Ruppel (2008).

  19. 19.

    Klintenberg and Seely (2004).

  20. 20.

    Namibia Statistics Agency (2012), p. 56.

  21. 21.

    Iyambo, N, then minister of Agriculture, Water and Forestry in his foreword to Mendelsohn (2006).

  22. 22.

    HSF (2012), p. 15.

  23. 23.

    Mendelsohn (2006), p. 10.

  24. 24.

    Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2006), p. 1.

  25. 25.

    Klintenberg and Seely (2004), p. 7.

  26. 26.

    Mendelsohn et al. (2009), p. 10.

  27. 27.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 23.

  28. 28.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 28. Communal farmers are generally restricted by the size of the land allocated to them, as well as with regard to technical knowledge and fiscal means.

  29. 29.

    Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (2014), p. 8.

  30. 30.

    Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (2014), p. 18.

  31. 31.

    Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (2014), p. 41.

  32. 32.

    See http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/296655/. Accessed 20 Nov 2015.

  33. 33.

    USAid (2010), p. 3.

  34. 34.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2001).

  35. 35.

    USAid (2014), p. 6.

  36. 36.

    Act No. 5 of 2000.

  37. 37.

    USAid (2014), p. 6.

  38. 38.

    Sections 2 and 3 of Act No. 5 of 2000.

  39. 39.

    Amoo (2014), p. 234.

  40. 40.

    USAid (2014), p. 6.

  41. 41.

    USAid (2014), p. 6.

  42. 42.

    Act No. 4 of 2012.

  43. 43.

    USAid (2014), p. 6.

  44. 44.

    Montanarella (2015).

  45. 45.

    FAO (2015).

  46. 46.

    FAO (2015).

  47. 47.

    FAO (2016).

  48. 48.

    Montanarella (2015).

  49. 49.

    Montanarella (2015).

  50. 50.

    Alori and Nwapi (2015), p. 105.

  51. 51.

    Text available at http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=62&ArticleID=553&l=en. Accessed 16 Nov 2015.

  52. 52.

    Alori and Nwapi (2015), p. 105.

  53. 53.

    Alori and Nwapi (2015), p. 106.

  54. 54.

    Introduction to the 2015 Revised World Soil Charter see http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GSP/docs/ITPS_Pillars/annexVII_WSC.pdf. Accessed 16 Nov 2015.

  55. 55.

    The revised World Soil Charter is organised into a preamble, nine principles, and guidelines for action.

  56. 56.

    See Section 3 of the Revised World Soil Charter.

  57. 57.

    FAO (2015).

  58. 58.

    FAO (2015).

  59. 59.

    28 October 1982, UN GA, A/RES/37/7; text available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm. Accessed 16 Nov 2015.

  60. 60.

    United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, Agenda 21, UN Doc a/CONE151/4 (1992).

  61. 61.

    Alori and Nwapi (2015), p. 106.

  62. 62.

    “Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities.”

  63. 63.

    Alori and Nwapi (2015), p. 107.

  64. 64.

    Seely and Montgomery (2009).

  65. 65.

    Seely and Montgomery (2009), p. viii.

  66. 66.

    Seely and Montgomery (2009), p. 100.

  67. 67.

    These include workshops for farmers and farm managers relating to the prevention of soil erosion and sustainable farming practices, community projects allowing for increased food and social security standards, and general institution and capacity building.

  68. 68.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 3.

  69. 69.

    This specifically refers to overlapping and contradictory capacity of ministries and departments with opposing goals.

  70. 70.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 15.

  71. 71.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 13.

  72. 72.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 44.

  73. 73.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 46.

  74. 74.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014a), p. 31.

  75. 75.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2015a).

  76. 76.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2015a), p. 5.

  77. 77.

    Cf. Ruppel (2013), p. 29 ff.

  78. 78.

    Article 144 reads as follows: “Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or Act of Parliament, the general rules of public international law and international agreements binding upon Namibia under this Constitution shall form part of the law of Namibia.”

  79. 79.

    Ruppel (2016b), p. 55 ff.

  80. 80.

    Ruppel (2016b), p. 30.

  81. 81.

    Ruppel (2016b), p. 30.

  82. 82.

    These include inter alia the Third National Action Programme for Namibia to Implement the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 2014–2024 (NAP3); the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2013–2022; the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2013–2020); the Forestry Strategic Plan 1996; the National Drought Policy and Strategy 1997; and the Strategic Action Plan for the Implementation of Renewable Energy Policy 2006.

  83. 83.

    GRN (2004).

  84. 84.

    GRN (2004), p. 145.

  85. 85.

    The other values and principles which are contained in NDP4 are: National sovereignty and human dignity; upholding the Constitution and good governance; partnership; capacity enhancement; comparative advantage; people-centred economic development; gender equality and the empowerment of women; sustainable development; and peace and security.

  86. 86.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2012a, b), p. 4.

  87. 87.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (1995), paragraph 21.

  88. 88.

    Groenewaldt (2008).

  89. 89.

    Groenewaldt (2008).

  90. 90.

    Text available at http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/green-scheme-policy---final1.pdf. Accessed 16 Nov 2015.

  91. 91.

    Green Scheme Policy para. 1.1.5.

  92. 92.

    See Government of the Republic of Namibia (2005), p. 12.

  93. 93.

    Bethune (2003).

  94. 94.

    The fodder subsidy has been criticised for leading to unsustainable farming practices since its inception. See Vigne and Whiteside (1997), p. 51.

  95. 95.

    See Government of the Republic of Namibia (2011), p. iii.

  96. 96.

    See Government of the Republic of Namibia (2011), p. iv.

  97. 97.

    Ruppel (2016c), p. 360.

  98. 98.

    Available at http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Namibia/1/INDC%20of%20Namibia%20Final%20pdf.pdf.

  99. 99.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (1997).

  100. 100.

    See Ruppel-Schlichting (2016) for further details on the EMA.

  101. 101.

    In February 2012, the Government of Namibia gazetted the Regulation for the implementation of Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007. Subsequently, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism invited nominations for appropriate persons from the public, organisations, associations or institutions to sit on the Sustainable Development Advisory Council. The first Sustainable Development Advisory Council has been inaugurated in January 2013.

  102. 102.

    Mendelsohn (2006), p. 10.

  103. 103.

    See Index Mundi (2015a).

  104. 104.

    See Section 45(1)(i).

  105. 105.

    Section 3(1)(a).

  106. 106.

    Section 3(1)(c), (d), (f).

  107. 107.

    Section 3(1)(e), (g) and (h).

  108. 108.

    Part II of the Act.

  109. 109.

    Section 7(2).

  110. 110.

    Section 8.

  111. 111.

    Section 9(1) and Section 10.

  112. 112.

    Section 18(1).

  113. 113.

    Section 21(1).

  114. 114.

    See Legal Assistance Centre (2009).

  115. 115.

    For more details see van den Berg and Koep (2016).

  116. 116.

    Section 41(1)(e).

  117. 117.

    Section 50(f)(i).

  118. 118.

    Section 91(f)(iii).

  119. 119.

    Section 122(2)(b).

  120. 120.

    Section 130.

  121. 121.

    Section 27 of the Forest Act No. 12 of 2001.

  122. 122.

    Section 10 of the Forest Act No. 12 of 2001.

  123. 123.

    Act No. 7 of 2008. The Act came into force on 1 July 2012 as per Government Notice No. 157 in Government Gazette No. 4975 of 2012.

  124. 124.

    See Section 1.

  125. 125.

    Act No. 25 of 2000.

  126. 126.

    Hinz and Ruppel (2008), p. 57.

  127. 127.

    See the Laws of the Mashi in Hinz (2010), p. 463.

  128. 128.

    See Index Mundi (2015b).

  129. 129.

    Index Mundi (2015b).

  130. 130.

    Legal Assistance Centre (2009), p. vi.

  131. 131.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014b), p. 15.

  132. 132.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014b), p. 25.

  133. 133.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2014b), p. 25.

  134. 134.

    Legal Assistance Centre (2009), p. 6.

  135. 135.

    See Ruppel-Schlichting (2016) and van den Berg and Koep (2016).

  136. 136.

    Section 130 of the Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act of 1992.

  137. 137.

    The case study will form the basis for the discussion in this section. See Mapani et al. (2009).

  138. 138.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 25. The ore contained lead, vanadium and zinc.

  139. 139.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 26. The agricultural land is used as an experimental crop farm.

  140. 140.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 27.

  141. 141.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 28.

  142. 142.

    29. >2.6 ppm with a median content of 4.99 ppm in the topsoil.

  143. 143.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 30. The concentrations varied from 10,000 ppm, with a further 1 km halo surrounding this area in which concentrations between 400 and 10,000 ppm were measured.

  144. 144.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 32.

  145. 145.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 33. The values of arsenic, lead and zinc were primarily evaluated.

  146. 146.

    With a maximum concentration of 9.6 ppm.

  147. 147.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 32. The values vary between 107,000 and 377,000 ppm.

  148. 148.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 34.

  149. 149.

    The health risks arise from inhalation and ingestion of dust and crops grown in the area.

  150. 150.

    Mapani et al. (2009), p. 35.

  151. 151.

    China Africa Resources (2014).

  152. 152.

    China Africa Resources (2014), p. 79.

  153. 153.

    China Africa Resources (2014), p. 80.

  154. 154.

    Unsted (2015).

  155. 155.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 5.

  156. 156.

    The Kavangos collectively refers to East and West Kavango regions of northern Namibia.

  157. 157.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 32.

  158. 158.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 80.

  159. 159.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 43.

  160. 160.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 43.

  161. 161.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), pp. 80 and 92.

  162. 162.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 85.

  163. 163.

    Pröpper et al. (2015), p. 95.

  164. 164.

    Some TFO findings with legal relevance are captured in Hinz et al. (2012).

  165. 165.

    Mapaure (2016), p. 339.

  166. 166.

    Available at http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Namibia/1/INDC%20of%20Namibia%20Final%20pdf.pdf.

  167. 167.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2015b), p. 22.

  168. 168.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2015b), p. 15.

  169. 169.

    Reports online available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/.

  170. 170.

    Niang and Ruppel (2014), p. 1202.

  171. 171.

    Niang and Ruppel (2014), p. 1203.

  172. 172.

    For further details see Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) (2016).

  173. 173.

    LAC (2013).

  174. 174.

    Ruppel (2011), p. 198.

  175. 175.

    Available at http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Namibia/1/INDC%20of%20Namibia%20Final%20pdf.pdf.

  176. 176.

    Ibid.

  177. 177.

    Available at http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Namibia/1/INDC%20of%20Namibia%20Final%20pdf.pdf.

  178. 178.

    Cf. Ruppel (2015).

  179. 179.

    Government of the Republic of Namibia (2015a).

  180. 180.

    Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (2014).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Development and Rule of Law Programme (DROP), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

    Oliver C. Ruppel

  2. Koep & Partners, Windhoek, Namibia

    Anielle von Finckenstein

Authors
  1. Oliver C. Ruppel
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  2. Anielle von Finckenstein
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Correspondence to Oliver C. Ruppel .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. German Environment Agency, Dessau, Germany

    Harald Ginzky

  2. IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law, Deputy Chair of Specialist Group on Sustainable Soils and Desertification, Kleinmachnow, Germany

    Irene L. Heuser

  3. Research Institute of Environmental Law, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Tianbao Qin

  4. Faculty of Law, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

    Oliver C. Ruppel

  5. DG Environment, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

    Patrick Wegerdt

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Ruppel, O.C., von Finckenstein, A. (2017). The Protection of Soil Under Namibian Law. In: Ginzky, H., Heuser, I., Qin, T., Ruppel, O., Wegerdt, P. (eds) International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy, vol 2016. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42508-5_20

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42508-5_20

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