Abstract
Worldwide, esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth leading cause of death and is responsible for over 400,000 cases (4.9%) [1]. It is notable that the incidence differs greatly, depending on the region of the world. The highest incidence is in the Asian and Middle Eastern countries [2]. In most Western countries, such as in the United States, adenocarcinoma has eclipsed squamous cell carcinoma as the predominant histologic type and usually afflicts white males. In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma is mostly related to smoking and alcoholism in Asia and Middle Eastern countries. In addition, adenocarcinoma is largely related to the growing epidemic of obesity in the western and other developed countries and the associated reflux esophagitis and Barrett’s pre-neoplasia that result [3].
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Lin, S.H., Li, H., Gomez, D. (2018). Esophagus Cancer. In: Lee, N., et al. Target Volume Delineation and Treatment Planning for Particle Therapy. Practical Guides in Radiation Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42478-1_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42478-1_13
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