Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The First Visit: Consult and Workup Before Sperm Banking

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Complete Guide to Male Fertility Preservation

  • 610 Accesses

Abstract

Prior to any intervention to preserve male fertility, there must first be a thorough consultation and evaluation. This evaluation starts with history taking and physical examination to evaluate for medical causes of infertility. This chapter reviews pertinent history questions and physical exam points for the infertile male. This examination can be expanded with semen analysis, evaluation for sexually transmitted infections, hormone analysis, and genetic evaluation. This chapter reviews the proper collection and interpretation of the semen analysis by WHO 2010 criteria. Finally, imaging can augment the evaluation of the potentially infertile male requiring preservation of fertility.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(3):e18–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nielsen J, Wohlert M. Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus. Denmark Hum Genet. 1991;87(1):81–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Vague J, Sardo J. Hypogonadism with spermatogenesis (fertile eunuch syndrome) (author’s transl). Sem Hopitaux Organe Fonde Par Assoc Enseign Med Hopitaux Paris. 1982;58(13):767–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fraietta R, Zylberstejn DS, Esteves SC. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism revisited. Clin Sao Paulo Braz. 2013;68(Suppl 1):81–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Valdes-Socin H, Rubio Almanza M, Tomé Fernández-Ladreda M, Debray FG, Bours V, Beckers A. Reproduction, smell, and neurodevelopmental disorders: genetic defects in different hypogonadotropic hypogonadal syndromes. Front Endocrinol. 2014;5:109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, Turtle JR. Young’s syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(1):3–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Abbasi MA, Suleman A, Ahmed N, Zaman H. Kartagener syndrome: a not so rare phenomenon. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014;26(4):598–601.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Llabador MA, Pagin A, Lefebvre-Maunoury C, Marcelli F, Leroy-Martin B, Rigot JM, et al. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: the impact of spermatogenesis quality on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in 108 men. Andrology. 2015;3(3):473–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Xu X, Zheng J, Liao Q, Zhu H, Xie H, Shi H, et al. Meta-analyses of 4 CFTR variants associated with the risk of the congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. J Clin Bioinforma. 2014;4:11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, Knibbe CA, van der Vorst MM, de Boer A. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetol Ac. 2013;56:1471–88. SRC-GoogleScholar.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fedder J, Kaspersen MD, Brandslund I, Højgaard A. Retrograde ejaculation and sexual dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus: a prospective, controlled study. Andrology. 2013;1(4):602–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Di Mauro M, Lo Presti D, Mongioì LM, Russo G, et al. Reproductive function in male patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Andrology. 2015;3(6):1082–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Carlsen E, Andersson A-M, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE. History of febrile illness and variation in semen quality. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2003;18(10):2089–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sergerie M, Mieusset R, Croute F, Daudin M, Bujan L. High risk of temporary alteration of semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness. Fertil Steril. 2007;88(4):970.e1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Andrade-Rocha FT. Temporary impairment of semen quality following recent acute fever. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2013;43(1):94–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mupfiga C, Fisher D, Kruger T, Henkel R. The relationship between seminal leukocytes, oxidative status in the ejaculate, and apoptotic markers in human spermatozoa. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2013;59(6):304–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Marshall FF, Chang T, Vindivich D. Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy to corpus epididymidis in treatment of inflammatory obstructive azoospermia. Urology. 1987;30(6):565–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shoskes DA, Hakim L, Ghoniem G, Jackson CL. Long-term results of multimodal therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol. 2003;169(4):1406–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fu W, Zhou Z, Liu S, Li Q, Yao J, Li W, et al. The effect of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) on semen parameters in human males: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94991.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Anderson RU, Wise D, Sawyer T, Chan CA. Sexual dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: improvement after trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training. J Urol. 2006;176(4 Pt 1):1534–8. discussion 1538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shoskes DA, Nickel JC. Classification and treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome using the UPOINT system. World J Urol. 2013;31(4):755–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Punab M, Kullisaar T, Mändar R. Male infertility workup needs additional testing of expressed prostatic secretion and/or post-massage urine. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82776.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J, Ishihara O, Mansour R, Nygren K, et al. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(5):1520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Navot D, Bergh PA, Williams MA, Garrisi GJ, Guzman I, Sandler B, et al. Poor oocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of age-related decline in female fertility. Lancet Lond Engl. 1991;337(8754):1375–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. McLernon DJ, Steyerberg EW, Te Velde ER, Lee AJ, Bhattacharya S. Predicting the chances of a live birth after one or more complete cycles of in vitro fertilisation: population based study of linked cycle data from 113 873 women. BMJ. 2016;355:i5735.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Dunson DB, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR. Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 1999;14(7):1835–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wilcox AJ, Dunson D, Baird DD. The timing of the “fertile window” in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study. BMJ. 2000;321(7271):1259–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Wischmann T, Stammer H, Scherg H, Gerhard I, Verres R. Psychosocial characteristics of infertile couples: a study by the “Heidelberg fertility consultation service”. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2001;16(8):1753–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cousineau TM, Domar AD. Psychological impact of infertility. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21(2):293–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gollenberg AL, Liu F, Brazil C, Drobnis EZ, Guzick D, Overstreet JW, et al. Semen quality in fertile men in relation to psychosocial stress. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(4):1104–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Baran C, Hellstrom WJ, Sikka SC. A comparative evaluation of semen parameters in pre-and post-Hurricane Katrina human population. Asian J Androl. 2015;17(4):676–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Saleh RA, Ranga GM, Raina R, Nelson DR, Agarwal A. Sexual dysfunction in men undergoing infertility evaluation: a cohort observational study. Fertil Steril. 2003;79(4):909–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Steiner AZ, Long DL, Tanner C, Herring AH. Effect of vaginal lubricants on natural fertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(1):44–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Kutteh WH, Chao CH, Ritter JO, Byrd W. Vaginal lubricants for the infertile couple: effect on sperm activity. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1996;41(4):400–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tulandi T, Plouffe L, McInnes RA. Effect of saliva on sperm motility and activity. Fertil Steril. 1982;38(6):721–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Vargas J, Crausaz M, Senn A, Germond M. Sperm toxicity of “nonspermicidal” lubricant and ultrasound gels used in reproductive medicine. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(2):835–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mowat A, Newton C, Boothroyd C, Demmers K, Fleming S. The effects of vaginal lubricants on sperm function: an in vitro analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2014;31(3):333–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang Y, Xu J, Yin M, Chen M, Ren D. Pregnancy outcomes of 194 couples with balanced translocations. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2006;41(9):592–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kochhar PK, Ghosh P. Reproductive outcome of couples with recurrent miscarriage and balanced chromosomal abnormalities. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39(1):113–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kumar K, Deka D, Singh A, Mitra DK, Vanitha BR, Dada R. Predictive value of DNA integrity analysis in idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss following spontaneous conception. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012;29(9):861–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Brahem S, Elghezal H, Ghédir H, Landolsi H, Amara A, Ibala S, et al. Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of absolute teratozoospermia: comparison between polymorphic and monomorphic forms. Urology. 2011;78(6):1313–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. P K, Malini SS. Positive association of sperm dysfunction in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):OC07–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Burra P. Liver abnormalities and endocrine diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(4):553–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Li Y, Liu L, Wang B, Xiong J, Li Q, Wang J, et al. Impairment of reproductive function in a male rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effect of N-3 fatty acid supplementation. Toxicol Lett. 2013;222(2):224–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Galan P, Viteri FE, Bertrais S, Czernichow S, Faure H, Arnaud J, et al. Serum concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium are influenced by sex, age, diet, smoking status, alcohol consumption and corpulence in a general French adult population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(10):1181–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jensen TK, Gottschau M, Madsen JOB, Andersson A-M, Lassen TH, Skakkebæk NE, et al. Habitual alcohol consumption associated with reduced semen quality and changes in reproductive hormones; a cross-sectional study among 1221 young Danish men. BMJ Open. 2014;4(9):e005462.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Wong WY, Thomas CM, Merkus HM, Zielhuis GA, Doesburg WH, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Cigarette smoking and the risk of male factor subfertility: minor association between cotinine in seminal plasma and semen morphology. Fertil Steril. 2000;74(5):930–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sepaniak S, Forges T, Gerard H, Foliguet B, Bene M-C, Monnier-Barbarino P. The influence of cigarette smoking on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation. Toxicology. 2006;223(1–2):54–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Axelsson J, Rylander L, Rignell-Hydbom A, Silfver KÅ, Stenqvist A, Giwercman A. The impact of paternal and maternal smoking on semen quality of adolescent men. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Zitzmann M, Rolf C, Nordhoff V, et al. Male smokers have a decreased success rate for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril. 2003;79(Suppl. 3):1550–4. SRC-GoogleScholar

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee MJ, Ryu HK, An S-Y, Jeon JY, Lee JI, Chung Y-S. Testosterone replacement and bone mineral density in male pituitary tumor patients. Endocrinol Metab Seoul Korea. 2014;29(1):48–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Pavone C, Abbadessa D, Scaduto G, Caruana G, Scalici Gesolfo C, Fontana D, et al. Sexual dysfunctions after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): evidence from a retrospective study on 264 patients. Arch Ital Urol Androl Organo Uff Soc Ital Ecogr Urol E Nefrol. 2015;87(1):8–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Alvim RG, de Queiroz FL, Lacerda-Filho A, da Silva RG. Male sexual function after total mesorectal excision: a comparison between laparoscopic and open surgery during the learning curve period. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2015;25(2):e51–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Reid I, Devlin HB. Testicular atrophy as a consequence of inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg. 1994;81(1):91–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Matsuda T, Hiura Y, Muguruma K, Okuno H, Horii Y, Yoshida O. Quantitative analysis of testicular histology in patients with vas deferens obstruction caused by childhood inguinal herniorrhaphy: comparison to vasectomized men. J Urol. 1996;155(2):564–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nagler HM, Belletete BA, Gerber E, Dinlenc CZ. Laparoscopic retrieval of retroperitoneal vas deferens in vasovasostomy for postinguinal herniorrhaphy obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(6):1842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Meij-de Vries A, Lazarenko SV, Knol RJJ, Meijer RW, van der Plas EM, Heij HA. The independent functioning of the orchidopexied congenital undescended testis as assessed by positron emission tomography/computed tomography. World J Nucl Med. 2015;14(1):31–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Hadziselimovic F, Hoecht B. Testicular histology related to fertility outcome and postpubertal hormone status in cryptorchidism. Klin Padiatr. 2008;220(5):302–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lip SZL, Murchison LED, Cullis PS, Govan L, Carachi R. A meta-analysis of the risk of boys with isolated cryptorchidism developing testicular cancer in later life. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(1):20–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ko EY, Siddiqi K, Brannigan RE, Sabanegh ES. Empirical medical therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a survey of the American urological association. J Urol. 2012;187(3):973–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Coviello AD, Bremner WJ, Matsumoto AM, Herbst KL, Amory JK, Anawalt BD, et al. Intratesticular testosterone concentrations comparable with serum levels are not sufficient to maintain normal sperm production in men receiving a hormonal contraceptive regimen. J Androl. 2004;25(6):931–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. World Health Organ Task Force Methods Regul Male Fertil Lancet Bd. 1990; 336:955–9. SRC-GoogleScholar.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Amory JK, Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ, et al. The effect of 5alpha-reductase inhibition with dutasteride and finasteride on semen parameters and serum hormones in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1659–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Şalvarci A, Istanbulluoğlu O. Secondary infertility due to use of low-dose finasteride. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45(1):83–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ragni G, De Lauretis L, Gambaro V, Di Pietro R, Bestetti O, Recalcati F, et al. Semen evaluation in heroin and methadone addicts. Acta Eur Fertil. 1985;16(4):245–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wong D, Gray DP, Simmonds M, Rashiq S, Sobolev I, Morrish DW. Opioid analgesics suppress male gonadal function but opioid use in males and females does not correlate with symptoms of sexual dysfunction. Pain Res Manag. 2011;16(5):311–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Joshi SC, Jain GC, Lata M. Effects of ketoconazole (an imidazole antifugal agent) on the fertility and reproductive function of male mice. Acta Eur Fertil. 1994;25(1):55–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hargreaves CA, Rogers S, Hills F, Rahman F, Howell RJ, Homa ST. Effects of co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, amoxycillin, tetracycline and chloroquine on sperm function in vitro. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 1998;13(7):1878–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shen MR, Yang RC, Chen SS. Effects of lithium and haloperidol on human sperm motility in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1992;44(6):534–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Toghyani S, Dashti GR, Roudbari NH, Rouzbehani S, Monajemi R. Lithium carbonate inducing disorders in three parameters of rat sperm. Adv Biomed Res. 2013;2:55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Tanrikut C, Feldman AS, Altemus M, Paduch DA, Schlegel PN. Adverse effect of paroxetine on sperm. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(3):1021–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pande S, Hazra A, Kundu AK. Evaluation of silodosin in comparison to tamsulosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014;46(6):601–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Hellstrom WJG, Sikka SC. Effects of alfuzosin and tamsulosin on sperm parameters in healthy men: results of a short-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Androl. 2009;30(4):469–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dodds PR, Batter SJ, Shield DE, Serels SR, Garafalo FA, Maloney PK. Adaptation of adults to uncorrected hypospadias. Urology. 2008;71(4):682–5. discussion 685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lang EK, Zinn H, Abbey-Mensah G, Kesselman A, Bergen M. Fracture of corpora cavernosa with massive cavernosal-venous shunts. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol. 2014;40(2):277–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Condorelli R, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Relationship between testicular volume and conventional or nonconventional sperm parameters. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:145792.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Carlsen E, Andersen AG, Buchreitz L, Jørgensen N, Magnus O, Matulevicuus V, et al. Inter-observer variation in the results of the clinical andrological examination including estimation of testicular size. Int J Androl. 2000;23(4):248–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Tatsunami S, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, Itoh N, Sasao T, Koh E, et al. Inter/intra investigator variation in orchidometric measurements of testicular volume by ten investigators from five institutions. Asian J Androl. 2006;8(3):373–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Pilatz A, Rusz A, Wagenlehner F, Weidner W, Altinkilic B. Reference values for testicular volume, epididymal head size and peak systolic velocity of the testicular artery in adult males measured by ultrasonography. Ultraschall Med Stuttg Ger. 2013;34(4):349–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Samplaski M, Lo K, Grober E, Millar A, Dimitromanolakis A, Jarvi K. Phenotypic differences in mosaic Klinefelter patients as compared with non-mosaic Klinefelter patients. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(4):950–5. SRC-GoogleScholar

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Eisenberg ML, Li S, Brooks JD, Cullen MR, Baker LC. Increased risk of cancer in infertile men: analysis of U.S. claims data. J Urol. 2015;193(5):1596–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lane VA, Scammell S, West N, Murthi GV. Congenital absence of the vas deferens and unilateral renal agenesis: implications for patient and family. Pediatr Surg Int. 2014;30(7):733–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. Rep Varicocele Infertil Comm Opin Fertil Steril Bb. 2014; 102 SRC-GoogleScholar:1556–60.

    Google Scholar 

  84. El-Saeity NS, Sidhu PS. “Scrotal varicocele, exclude a renal tumour”. Is this evidence based? Clin Radiol. 2006;61(7):593–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Oshio S, Ashizawa Y, Yotsukura M, Tohyama Y, Iwabuchi M, Adachi Y, et al. Individual variation in semen parameters of healthy young volunteers. Arch Androl. 2004;50(6):417–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HWG, Behre HM, et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(3):231–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Esteves SC, Zini A, Aziz N, Alvarez JG, Sabanegh ES, Agarwal A. Critical appraisal of World Health Organization’s new reference values for human semen characteristics and effect on diagnosis and treatment of subfertile men. Urology. 2012;79(1):16–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Murray KS, James A, McGeady JB, Reed ML, Kuang WW, Nangia AK. The effect of the new 2010 World Health Organization criteria for semen analyses on male infertility. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(6):1428–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Baker K, Li J, Sabanegh E. Analysis of semen parameters in male referrals: impact of reference limits, stratification by fertility categories, predictors of change, and comparison of normal semen parameters in subfertile couples. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(1):59–65.e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Buck Louis G, Sundaram R, Schisterman E, et al. Semen quality and time to pregnancy: the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment Study. Fertil Steril Bh. 2014;101:453–62. SRC-GoogleScholar

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Levitas E, Lunenfeld E, Weiss N, Friger M, Har-Vardi I, Koifman A, et al. Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality: analysis of 9,489 semen samples. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(6):1680–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lehavi O, Botchan A, Paz G, Yogev L, Kleiman SE, Yavetz H, et al. Twenty-four hours abstinence and the quality of sperm parameters. Andrologia. 2014;46(6):692–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Marshburn PB, Giddings A, Causby S, Matthews ML, Usadi RS, Steuerwald N, et al. Influence of ejaculatory abstinence on seminal total antioxidant capacity and sperm membrane lipid peroxidation. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(3):705–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Poland ML, Moghissi KS, Giblin PT, Ager JW, Olson JM. Variation of semen measures within normal men. Fertil Steril. 1985;44(3):396–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Sobreiro BP, Lucon AM, Pasqualotto FF, Hallak J, Athayde KS, Arap S. Semen analysis in fertile patients undergoing vasectomy: reference values and variations according to age, length of sexual abstinence, seasonality, smoking habits and caffeine intake. Sao Paulo Med J Rev Paul Med. 2005;123(4):161–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Elzanaty S, Malm J, Giwercman A. Duration of sexual abstinence: epididymal and accessory sex gland secretions and their relationship to sperm motility. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2005;20(1):221–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Aksglaede L, Jørgensen N, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A. Low semen volume in 47 adolescents and adults with 47,XXY Klinefelter or 46,XX male syndrome. Int J Androl. 2009;32(4):376–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bouloux P, Warne DW, Loumaye E. FSH study Group in Men’s infertility. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(2):270–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Rastrelli G, Corona G, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Factors affecting spermatogenesis upon gonadotropin-replacement therapy: a meta-analytic study. Andrology. 2014;2(6):794–808.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kidd SA, Eskenazi B, Wyrobek AJ. Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: a review of the literature. Fertil Steril. 2001;75(2):237–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Mehta A, Jarow JP, Maples P, Sigman M. Defining the “normal” postejaculate urinalysis. J Androl. 2012;33(5):917–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Arafa M, El Tabie O. Medical treatment of retrograde ejaculation in diabetic patients: a hope for spontaneous pregnancy. J Sex Med. 2008;5(1):194–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Guzick DS, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Brazil CK, Nakajima ST, Coutifaris C, et al. Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1388–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ayala C, Steinberger E, Smith DP. The influence of semen analysis parameters on the fertility potential of infertile couples. J Androl. 1996;17(6):718–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Desai NN, Blackmon H, Goldfarb J. Single sperm cryopreservation on cryoloops: an alternative to hamster zona for freezing individual spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online. 2004;9(1):47–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Baker K, McGill J, Sharma R, Agarwal A, Sabanegh E. Pregnancy after varicocelectomy: impact of postoperative motility and DFI. Urology. 2013;81(4):760–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hamilton JA, Cissen M, Brandes M, Smeenk JM, de Bruin JP, Kremer JA, et al. Total motile sperm count: a better indicator for the severity of male factor infertility than the WHO sperm classification system. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2015;30(5):1110–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Miller DC, Hollenbeck BK, Smith GD, Randolph JF, Christman GM, Smith YR, et al. Processed total motile sperm count correlates with pregnancy outcome after intrauterine insemination. Urology. 2002;60(3):497–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kruger TF, Acosta AA, Simmons KF, Swanson RJ, Matta JF, Veeck LL, et al. New method of evaluating sperm morphology with predictive value for human in vitro fertilization. Urology. 1987;30(3):248–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ombelet W, Dhont N, Thijssen A, Bosmans E, Kruger T. Semen quality and prediction of IUI success in male subfertility: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2014;28(3):300–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Andrade-Rocha FT. Physical analysis of ejaculate to evaluate the secretory activity of the seminal vesicles and prostate. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(11):1203–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ndovi TT, Parsons T, Choi L, Caffo B, Rohde C, Hendrix CW. A new method to estimate quantitatively seminal vesicle and prostate gland contributions to ejaculate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(4):404–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Brookings C, Goldmeier D, Sadeghi-Nejad H. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility. Korean J Urol. 2013;54(3):149–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Monavari SH, Vaziri MS, Khalili M, Shamsi-Shahrabadi M, Keyvani H, Mollaei H, et al. Asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility. J Biomed Res. 2013;27(1):56–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Garolla A, Pizzol D, Bertoldo A, Menegazzo M, Barzon L, Foresta C. Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. J Reprod Immunol. 2013;100(1):20–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Mansuy JM, Suberbielle E, Chapuy-Regaud S, Mengelle C, Bujan L, Marchou B, et al. Zika virus in semen and spermatozoa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1106–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Pajovic B, Radojevic N, Vukovic M, Stjepcevic A. Semen analysis before and after antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic Chlamydia- and Ureaplasma-related pyospermia. Andrologia. 2013;45(4):266–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Fichorova RN. Impact of T. Vaginalis infection on innate immune responses and reproductive outcome. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;83(1–2):185–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Ochsendorf FR. Sexually transmitted infections: impact on male fertility. Andrologia. 2008;40(2):72–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Practice Committee of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Recommendations for gamete and embryo donation: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013;99(1):47–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Domes T, Lo K, Grober E, Mullen B, Mazzulli T, Jarvi K. 2180 the utility and Cost of routine Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing in an asymptomatic male infertility population. J Urol. 2011;185(4):e874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Wingfield M, Cottell E. Viral screening of couples undergoing partner donation in assisted reproduction with regard to EU Directives 2004/23/EC, 2006/17/EC and 2006/86/EC: what is the evidence for repeated screening? Hum Reprod. 2010;25(12):3058–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Crawford E, Barqawi A, Donnell C, Morgentaler A. The association of time of day and serum testosterone concentration in a large screening population. BJU Int. 2007;100:509. SRC-GoogleScholar

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Welliver RC, Wiser HJ, Brannigan RE, Feia K, Monga M, Köhler TS. Validity of midday total testosterone levels in older men with erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2014;192(1):165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Bremner WJ, Millar MR, Sharpe RM, Saunders PT. Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in the rat testis: evidence for stage-dependent expression and regulation by androgens. Endocrinology. 1994;135(3):1227–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Heckert LL, Griswold MD. The expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in spermatogenesis. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2002;57:129–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Halder A, Fauzdar A, Kumar A. Serum inhibin B and follicle-stimulating hormone levels as markers in the evaluation of azoospermic men: a comparison. Andrologia. 2005;37(5):173–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Trabado S, Lamothe S, Maione L, Bouvattier C, Sarfati J, Brailly-Tabard S, et al. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome as models for studying hormonal regulation of human testicular endocrine functions. Ann Endocrinol. 2014;75(2):79–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Schoor RA, Elhanbly S, Niederberger CS, Ross LS. The role of testicular biopsy in the modern management of male infertility. J Urol. 2002;167(1):197–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Schindler AE, Ebert A, Friedrich E. Conversion of androstenedione to estrone by human tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972;35(4):627–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Stephens SM, Polotsky AJ. Big enough for an aromatase inhibitor? How adiposity affects male fertility. Semin Reprod Med. 2013;31(4):251–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Jensen T, Andersson A, Jørgensen N. Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:863–70. SRC-GoogleScholar

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Zhang Q, Bai Q, Yuan Y, Liu P, Qiao J. Assessment of seminal estradiol and testosterone levels as predictors of human spermatogenesis. J Androl. 2010;31(2):215–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Saylam B, Efesoy O, Cayan S. The effect of aromatase inhibitor letrozole on body mass index, serum hormones, and sperm parameters in infertile men. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(2):809–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Hammiche F, Laven JSE, Twigt JM, Boellaard WPA, Steegers EAP, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Body mass index and central adiposity are associated with sperm quality in men of subfertile couples. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2012;27(8):2365–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Bolyakov A, Paduch DA. Prolactin in men’s health and disease. Curr Opin Urol. 2011;21(6):527–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kim J-W, Park S-Y, Ryu H-M, Lee D-E, Lee B-Y, Kim S-Y, et al. Molecular and clinical characteristics of 26 cases with structural Y chromosome aberrations. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2012;136(4):270–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Khurana KK, Baker K, Gao T, Sabanegh ES. The economic burden of genetic tests for the infertile male: a pilot algorithm to improve test predictive value. J Urol. 2014;191(4):1066–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sakamoto H, Saito K, Ogawa Y, Yoshida H. Testicular volume measurements using Prader orchidometer versus ultrasonography in patients with infertility. Urology. 2007;69(1):158–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Sakamoto H, Saito K, Oohta M, Inoue K, Ogawa Y, Yoshida H. Testicular volume measurement: comparison of ultrasonography, orchidometry, and water displacement. Urology. 2007;69(1):152–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Yassa NA, Keesara S. Role of transrectal ultrasonography in evaluating the cause of azoospermia. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2001;52(4):266–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Lotti F, Corona G, Colpi GM, Filimberti E, Innocenti SD, Mancini M, et al. Seminal vesicles ultrasound features in a cohort of infertility patients. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2012;27(4):974–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Elster AD. Modern imaging of the pituitary. Radiology. 1993;187(1):1–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Zaghouani H, Slim I, Zina NB, Mallat N, Tajouri H, Kraiem C. Kallmann syndrome: MRI findings. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(Suppl 1):S142–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK. Births in the United States, 2015. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;258:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Stephen EH, Chandra A, King RB. Supply of and demand for assisted reproductive technologies in the United States: clinic- and population-based data, 1995–2010. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(2):451–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Columbia University, Mount Sinai Medical System, 4302 Alton Rd, Suite 540, Miami Beach, FL, 33140, USA

    Alan Scott Polackwich Jr. MD & Maurilio Garcia-Gil MD

Authors
  1. Alan Scott Polackwich Jr. MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maurilio Garcia-Gil MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alan Scott Polackwich Jr. MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

    Ahmad Majzoub

  2. Department of Urology, Andrology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Ashok Agarwal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Polackwich, A.S., Garcia-Gil, M. (2018). The First Visit: Consult and Workup Before Sperm Banking. In: Majzoub, A., Agarwal, A. (eds) The Complete Guide to Male Fertility Preservation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42396-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42396-8_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42395-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42396-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation