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The Illegal Wildlife Trade pp 49–74Cite as

Crimes Against Nature

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Part of the book series: Studies of Organized Crime ((SOOC,volume 15))

Abstract

Since social and professional concerns regarding the environment increased and the impact on humans became clear, the wildlife trade became slowly criminalized in the past few decades. While it can be expected that criminologists would study this phenomenon, many criminologists hesitated in discovering this new field for several reasons. In this chapter the limitations of the discipline of criminology and its confined attention to environmental issues will be discussed. In addition, criminological explanatory models will be introduced that can be applied to study the social construction of the value of wildlife, the actors and the organization behind the illegal wildlife trade. At the end of this chapter the emergence of green criminology will be described including new perspectives on crimes and harms.

A criminology relevant to the [twenty-first century] should have the intellectual breadth and constitutional space to be able to embrace environmental, human and non-human animal rights issues as related projects.

Nigel South

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Study on biological and hereditary links to antisocial and deviant behaviour.

  2. 2.

    Animal theft is still a major mode of criminal activity.

  3. 3.

    CITES day organized by the National Police in the Netherlands, May 19, 2015.

  4. 4.

    Especially in combination with high profits and a low risk of detection and conviction (Zimmerman 2003; Europol 2013a, b).

  5. 5.

    The main driving forces of the globalization of crime include technological drivers, political drivers, enforcement drivers, internal drivers and economic drivers (Galeotti 2004). For instance, advanced technology results in an easy transfer of legal and illegal products (e.g. live animals can be transferred within hours from any part of the world to Europe), criminals respond to political developments (e.g. ethnic tensions, wars), the efforts of the law enforcement authorities (e.g. limited law enforcement regarding environmental crimes, including the illegal wildlife trade), structural changes in crime (e.g. from hierarchical to loose and flexible crime networks) and illegal products are sold abroad for a higher price (e.g. wildlife products have a higher value in the West).

  6. 6.

    Article 2.a United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

  7. 7.

    Article 2.b United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

  8. 8.

    Lynch (1990) proposed to include environmental issues within the discipline of criminology.

  9. 9.

    To come back to Lombroso, he made a distinction between Homo criminalis and Homo sapiens and in the early 1900s scientists proclaimed that indigenous people, which were traded together with exotic animals, were an inferior species, in evolutionary terms, to humankind (Dreesbach 2012).

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    Daan P. van Uhm

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van Uhm, D.P. (2016). Crimes Against Nature. In: The Illegal Wildlife Trade. Studies of Organized Crime, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42129-2_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42129-2_4

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