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Phytoremediation Applications for Waste Water and Improved Water Quality

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Phytoremediation

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Summary

Macrophytes play an important role in natural and constructed wetlands (CWs). Their most important function is removal of excessive levels of some substances, such as nutrients, total suspended solids, trace elements, etc. CWs are widely used all around the world to treat many types of wastewater, with relatively high removal efficiency (5-day biochemical oxygen demand [BOD5]—around 80 %, total nutrients—approx. 40 % in the case of domestic sewage). Considering the purpose of CWs application, a few types were created with several variants in certain environmental conditions and for many effluent types with various loads of many substances. Two main types of flow through CWs are considered—surface and subsurface flow. The latter is further divided into horizontal and vertical flow. The most popular use of CWs is for domestic and municipal wastewater as secondary and tertiary treatment stages. Among macrophytes applied for phytoremediation, great diversity of plant species has been observed, especially native species and a wide range of ubiquitous species, such as Phragmites australis and Typha spp. Most macrophyte species also play an important role in natural ecosystems in improvement of surface water quality. Many species are utilized as indicators of water quality, even when low pollutant levels occur, while others are important for phytoextraction or phytostabilization.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Prof. Ryszard Błażejweski for his comments and suggestions, which helped us to considerably improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94C, 60-649, Poznan, Poland

    Klaudia Borowiak

  2. Institute of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Geodesy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94A, 60-649, Poznan, Poland

    Jolanta Kanclerz

Authors
  1. Klaudia Borowiak
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  2. Jolanta Kanclerz
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Correspondence to Klaudia Borowiak .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Abid A. Ansari

  2. Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Sarvajeet Singh Gill

  3. Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Ritu Gill

  4. Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Guy R. Lanza

  5. Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Lee Newman

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Borowiak, K., Kanclerz, J. (2016). Phytoremediation Applications for Waste Water and Improved Water Quality. In: Ansari, A., Gill, S., Gill, R., Lanza, G., Newman, L. (eds) Phytoremediation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41811-7_12

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