Abstract
Investigations by governmental agencies and reform organizations in the first two decades of the twentieth century reported that working girls and women were subjected to widespread sexual harassment and exploitation by employers, supervisors, and, in the retail and service sectors, customers and clients. Portrayals of sexual harassment of working girls appeared in many of the cross-class romance films that were made between 1914 and 1919. One set of cross-class romance films portray the working-class heroine, not as a victim of sexual predators requiring the intervention of a wealthy man who will marry her but as an agent who chooses to attempt to overcome her economic circumstances by using her sexual assets or allure. Class conflict was dramatically portrayed in cross-class romance films made between 1915 and 1918, and it was solved or neutralized by the cross-class romance. Once the bad capitalist was reformed through love or was replaced by a good son or daughter who was in a cross-class romance, a just peace was attained in the relationships of employers and workers. The disappearance of labor-capital conflict from cross-class romance films after 1918 is explained.1
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Alexander, Ruth M. The Girl Problem: Female Sexual Delinquency in New York, 1900–1930. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Allen, Robert C. Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
Archer, Robin. Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Balides, Constance. “Making Ends Meet: ‘Welfare Films’ and the Politics of Consumption during the Progressive Era,” in Jennifer M. Bean, Diane Negra, eds. A Feminist Reader in Early Cinema. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002, 166–194.
Balio, Tino. “Struggles For Control,” in Tino Balio, ed. The American Film Industry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976, 117–122.
Bensel, Richard Franklin. The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Bowser, Eileen. The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1990.
Casella, Donna R. “Feminism and the Female Author: The Not So Silent Career of the Woman Scenarist in Hollywood, 1896–1930,” Quarterly Review of Film and Video 23.3 (2006): 217–235.
Chambers II, John Whiteclay. The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era 1900–1917. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.
Chicago Vice Commission. A Study of Existing Conditions with Recommendations. Chicago: Gunthorp-Warren Printing Company, 1911.
Clark, Sue Ainslie. and Edith Wyatt. Making Both Ends Meet: The Income and Outlay of New York Working Girls. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1911.
Clement, Elizabeth Alice. Love For Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Cooper, Mark Garrett. “Studio History Revisited: The Case of the Universal Women,” Quarterly Review of Film and Video 25.1 (2008): 16–26.
———. Universal Women: Filmmaking and Institutional Change in Early Hollywood. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.
Cressey, Paul Goalby. The Taxi-Dance Hall: A Sociological Study in Commercialized Recreation and City Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008 [1932].
Davis, Mike. Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the U.S. Working Class. London: Verso, 1986.
Donovan, Frances. The Woman Who Waits. Boston: Gorham Press, 1920.
Eaton, Jeannette. and Berta M. Stevens. Commercial Work and Training for Girls. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915.
Erenberg, Lewis A. Steppin’ Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Goldstein, Robert Justin. Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.
———. “Political Repression of the American Labor Movement During Its Formative Years—A Comparative Perspective,” Labor History 51.2 (2010): 271–293.
Gomery, Douglas. Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States. London: British Film Institute, 1992.
Gordon, David M., Richard Edwards. and Michael Reich. Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Grieveson, Lee. Policing Cinema: Movies and Censorship in Early-Twentieth-Century America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Hawley, Ellis W. The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions 1917–1933. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
Jacoby, Sanford M. American Exceptionalism Revisited: The Importance of Management. Los Angeles: Institute of Industrial Relations, UCLA, 1987.
Kimeldorf, Howard. and Judith Stepan-Norris. “Historical Studies of Labor Movements in the United States,” Annual Review of Sociology 18 (1992): 495–517.
Kocka, Jurgen. White Collar Workers in America 1890–1940: A Social-Political History in International Perspective. London: Sage, 1980.
Lipold, Paul L. and Larry W. Isaac. “Striking Deaths: Lethal Contestation and the ‘Exceptional’ Character of the American Labor Movement, 1870–1970,” International Review of Social History 54.2 (2009): 167–205.
Mahar, Keren Ward. Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006.
Mann, Michael. The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 2: The Rise of Class and Nation-States, 1760–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
May, Lary. Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
McBee, Randy D. Dance Hall Days: Intimacy and Leisure Among Working-Class Immigrants in the United States. New York: New York University Press, 2000.
Merritt, Russell. “Nickelodeon Theaters, 1905–1914: Building an Audience for the Movies,” in Tino Balio, ed. The American Film Industry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976, 97–101.
Meyerowitz, Joanne J. Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Montgomery, David. Workers’ Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Nasaw, David. Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Odem, Mary E. Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Peiss, Kathy. Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
———. “Charity Girls and City Pleasures,” OAH Magazine of History 18.4 (2004): 14–16.
Rhodes, Chip. Structures of the Jazz Age: Mass Culture, Progressive Education, and Racial Disclosures in American Modernism. London: Verso, 1998.
Robertson, Stephen. “Seduction, Sexual Violence, and Marriage in New York City, 1886–1955,” Law and History Review 24.2 (2006): 331–373.
Rosen, Ruth. The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900–1918. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Ross, Steven J. Working-Class Hollywood: Silent Film and the Shaping of Class in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
———. “How Hollywood Became Hollywood: Money, Politics, and Movies,” in Tom Sitton and William Deverell, eds., Metropolis in the Making, Los Angeles in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, 255–276.
Shull, Michel Slade. Radicalism in American Silent Films, 1909–1929: A Filmography and History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2000.
Slide, Anthony. “Early Women Filmmakers: The Real Numbers,” Film History 24.1 (2012): 114–121.
Stamp, Shelly. “Lois Weber, Progressive Cinema, and the Fate of the Work-a-Day Girls in Shoes,” Camera Obscura 19.2 (2004): 140–169.
———. Lois Weber in Early Hollywood. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015.
Wasko, Janet. Movies and Money: Financing the American Film Industry. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1982.
Zolberg, Aristide R. “How Many Exceptionalisms?” in Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. Working-Class Formation, Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sharot, S. (2017). Sexual Exploitation and Class Conflict. In: Love and Marriage Across Social Classes in American Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41799-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41799-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41798-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41799-8
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)