Skip to main content

The Scientific Status of Applied Linguistics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Responsible Design in Applied Linguistics: Theory and Practice

Part of the book series: Educational Linguistics ((EDUL,volume 28))

  • 631 Accesses

Abstract

How ‘scientific’ is applied linguistics? Progressivist and modernist expectations are present in it from the start. Yet in this case scientific analysis presupposes a separate, preparatory phase for the planning of the intervention: theoretical analysis is utilized, but is encapsulated in, and subservient to the plan and its technical design. To make theory prescriptive or absolute is a perversion, and a recipe for eventual disappointment, as its disciplinary history shows. That provides more evidence that applied linguistics is a separate, independent discipline. Its conceptualisations spring from a different modality than the analytical.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, L. G. (1967). First things first: An integrated course for beginners. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allwright, R. (1980). Turns, topics and tasks: Patterns of participation in language learning and teaching. In D. Larsen-Freeman (Ed.), Discourse analysis in second language research (pp. 165–187). Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, A. L. (1984). Towards a post-structuralist view of language learning: A short essay. Language Learning, 33(5), 217–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield, L. (1945). About foreign language teaching. Reprinted from The Yale Review, 34(4), (pp. 625–641). In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 40–48). Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfit, C. (1980). Being interdisciplinary – Some problems facing applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 158–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, M., & Dulay, H. (1981). Optimal language learning environments. In J. E. Alatis, H. B. Altman, & P. M. Alatis (Eds.), The second language classroom: Directions for the 1980’s (pp. 175–192). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (1960). Wanted: A research basis for educational policy on foreign language teaching. Reprinted from Harvard educational review, 30(2), 128–140. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 159–167). Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (1965). The contributions of psychological theory and educational research to the teaching of foreign languages. Reprinted from The Modern Language Journal, 49, 273–281. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 203–211). Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstens, A. (2009). The effectiveness of genre-based approaches in teaching academic writing: Subject-specific versus cross-disciplinary approaches. Ph.D thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chick, K., & Seneque, M. (1986). The role of the applied linguist in language planning: The medium of instruction problem in Kwazulu/Natal. Working paper no. 5, SAALA 5th Annual Conference. Cape Town: Language Education Unit, University of Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1966). Linguistic theory. Reprinted from R. Mead (Ed.) 1966, Language teaching: Broader contexts. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 262–266). Washington: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, R., Gardner, R. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1977). Motivational variables in second language acquisition: A study of francophones learning English. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 9(2), 123–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. (1970). An adaptation of group dynamics techniques to foreign language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 4(4), 353–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. J. (1978). Second-language learning: A psycholinguistic perspective. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstracts, 11, 73–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. J. (1980). English for life 1: People and places (Students’ Book and Teachers’ Guide). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. J. (1981a). Some uses for second-language-learning research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 379, 251–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. J. (1981b). Second language acquisition from an interactionist viewpoint. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 6(1), 93–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. J. (1982). Language functions, social factors, and second language learning and teaching. [Manuscript].

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. J. (1985). Chomsky’s universal grammar and second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 2–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corder, S. P. (1972). Problems and solutions in applied linguistics. In J. Qvistgaard, H. Schwarz & H. Spang-Hanssen (Eds.), Applied linguistics: Problems and solutions (pp. 1–23). Vol. III of the Proceedings of the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée Third Congress, Copenhagen. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corder, S. P. (1978). Pure and applied research in linguistics: Is the difference merely one of motivation? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1(2), 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. (1981). Directions in applied linguistics. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (2013). Native speakers and native users: Loss and gain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. H. (1969). Group performance. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Graaff, A. H., & Olthuis, J. (Eds.). (1973). Joy in learning: An integrated curriculum for the elementary school. Toronto: Curriculum Development Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicker, S. (1985). Bridging the gap in applied linguistics. TESOL Applied Linguistics Interest Section Newsletter, 6(1), 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2001). New themes and approaches in second language motivation research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 43–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2005). Affect in lifelong learning: Exploring L2 motivation as a dynamic process. In D. Nunan (Ed.), Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (pp. 22–41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2010). The relationship between language aptitude and language learning motivation: Individual differences from a dynamic systems perspective. In E. Macaro (Ed.), Continuum companion to second language acquisition (pp. 247–267). London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2011). Researching complex dynamic systems: ‘Retrodictive qualitative modelling’ in the language classroom. Language Teaching, 1–12. [Online]. Available doi: 10.1017/S0261444811000516.

  • Dörnyei, Z., & Csizer, K. (1998). Ten commandants for motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research, 2(3), 203–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z., & Kormos, J. (2000). The role of individual and social variables in oral task performance. Language Teaching Research, 4(3), 275–300. [Online]. Available doi: 10.1177/136216880000400305 at http://ltr.sagepub.com.content/4/3/275. Accessed 13 June 2011.

  • Dulay, H., Burt, M., & Krashen, S. (1982). Language two. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist, The. (2013, October 19). Unreliable research: Trouble at the lab. Available: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21588057-scientists-think-science-self-correcting-alarming-degree-it-not-trouble. Accessed 26 Nov 2013.

  • Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. (1980). Processes and strategies in foreign language learning and communication. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 5(1), 47–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanselow, J. F. (1977). Beyond RASHOMON – Conceptualizing and describing the teaching act. TESOL Quarterly, 11(1), 17–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farhady, H. (1979). The disjunctive fallacy between discrete point and integrative tests. TESOL Quarterly, 13(3), 347–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, P. (1998). A classroom perspective on the negotiation of meaning. Applied Linguistics, 19(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frautschi, R. L. (1984). Some Aquarian objectives in applied language study. In J. Joseph (Ed.), Applied language study: New objectives, new methods (pp. 101–113). New York: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, C. C. (1945). On learning a foreign language as an adult. Reprinted in F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics 51–59. Washington: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gingras, R. C. (Ed.). (1978). Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R. (1976). Components of a psychology of instruction: toward a science of design. Review of Educational Research, 46(1), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. (2014). Exploring language assessment and testing: Language in action. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammerness, K., Darling-Hammond, L., Bransford, J., Berliner, D., Cochran-Smith, M., McDonald, M., & Zeichner, K. (2005). How teachers learn and develop. In L. Darling-Hammond & J. Bransford (Eds.), Preparing teachers for a changing world: What teachers should learn and be able to do (pp. 358–441). San Franciso: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, H. (1984). Understanding our world: An integral ontology. Lanham: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch, E. (1978). Discourse analysis, speech acts, and second language acquisition. In W. C. Ritchie (Ed.), Second language acquisition research: Issues and implications (pp. 137–155). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosenfeld, C. (1974). Cora’s view of learning grammar. Canadian Modern Language Review, 35(4), 602–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosenfeld, C. (1976). Learning about learning: Discovering our students’ strategies. Foreign Language Annals, 9(2), 117–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hult, F. M. (2010a). Theme-based research in the transdisciplinary field of applied linguistics. In F. M. Hult (Ed.), Directions and prospects for educational linguistics (pp. 19–32). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hult, F. M. (Ed.). (2010b). Directions and prospects for educational linguistics. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, E. (1975). Psychology and language learning. In J. P. B. Allen & S. P. Corder (Eds.), The Edinburgh course in applied linguistics: Vol. 2. Papers in applied linguistics (pp. 218–290). London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, E. (1978). Applied linguistics, linguistic research and the empirical model. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1(2), 37–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, J. (Ed.). (1984). Applied language study: New objectives, new methods. New York: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krashen, S. (1978). The monitor model for second language acquisition. In R. C. Gingras (Ed.), Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 1–26). Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krashen, S. (1979). A response to McLaughlin, “The monitor model: some methodological considerations”. Language Learning, 29(1), 151–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krashen, S. (1980). Relating theory and practice in adult second language acquisition. Offprint from S. Felix (Ed.), Recent trends in research on second language acquisition (pp. 185–204). Tubingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lado, R. (1957). The necessity for a systematic comparison of languages and cultures. Reprinted from F. Smolinski (Ed.), Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language teachers. In Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 79–84). Washington: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen-Freeman, D. (Ed.). (1980). Discourse analysis in second language research. Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightbown, P. M. (1985). Great expectations: Second-language acquisition research and classroom teaching. Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 173–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2006). How languages are learned (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, M. (1975). Group work and communicative competence in the ESOL classroom. In M. K. Burt & H. C. Dulay (Eds.), On TESOL ’75: New directions in language learning, teaching and bilingual education (pp. 211–223). Washington, DC: TESOL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, W. F. (1973). Applied linguistics. In J. P. B. Allen & S. P. Corder (Eds.), The Edinburgh course in applied linguistics: Vol. 1. Readings for applied linguistics (pp. 247–255). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, S. H. (1977). The role of psychology in applied linguistics. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 68–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, S. H. (1981). Psychology in foreign language teaching. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, B. (1978). The monitor model: Some methodological considerations. Language Learning, 28(2), 309–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, B. (1980). Theory and research in second language learning: An emerging paradigm. Language Learning, 30(2), 331–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McQuown, N. A. (1982). Language, culture and education. California: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, K. (1979). Communicative language testing: Revolution or evolution? In C. J. Brumfit & K. Johnson (Eds.), The communicative approach to language teaching (pp. 143–157). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulton, W. G. (1962). Linguistics and language teaching in the United States 1940–1960. Reprinted from Trends in European and American linguistics, 82–109. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 170–187). Washington: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oller, J. W. (1973). Discrete-point tests versus tests of integrative skills. In J. W. Oller & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Focus on the learner: Pragmatic perspectives for the language teacher (pp. 184–199). Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oller, J. W., & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973). Focus on the learner: Pragmatic perspectives for the language teacher. Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olthuis, J. (1979). Teaching with ‘Joy’: Implementing integrated education in the classroom. Toronto: Joy in Learning Curriculum Development Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostyn, P., & Godin, P. (1985). RALEX: an alternative approach to language teaching. The Modern Language Journal, 69(4), 346–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paltridge, B. (2014). What motivates Applied Linguistics research?. AILA Review, 27, 98–104. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.27.05pal.

  • Prator, C. (1965). Development of a manipulation-communication scale. Reprinted from NAFSA studies and papers. English language series 10: 385–391. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 248–252). Washington: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qvistgaard, J., Schwarz, H. & Spang-Hanssen, H. (Eds.). (1972). Applied linguistics: Problems and solutions: Proceedings of the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée, Third Congress, Copenhagen (Vol. III). Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, W. C. (Ed.). (1978). Second language acquisition research: Issues and implications. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, W. F. (1985). Is there a separate discipline of ‘applied linguistics’? TESOL applied linguistics interest section newsletter, 6(1), 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, R. H. (1967). A short history of linguistics. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. (Ed.). (1978). Group activities for language learning (Occasional Papers No. 4). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H. (1982). Sociolinguistics and the teaching of the mother tongue. Gramma, 6, 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. (Ed.). (1972). Group-work in modern languages. York: Materials Development Unit of the Language Teaching Centre, University of York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, J. H. (1978). The acculturation model for second-language acquisition. In R. C. Gingras (Ed.), Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 27–50). Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, J. H. (1984). Art and science in second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 33(5), 49–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman, E. (1972). Techniek en toekomst: Confrontatie met wijsgerige beschouwingen. Assen: Van Gorcum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seerveld, C. (1974). A turnabout in aesthetics to understanding. Toronto: Wedge Publishing Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 209–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skehan, P. (2008). Interlanguage and language transfer. In B. Spolsky & F. M. Hult (Eds.), The handbook of educational linguistics (pp. 411–423). Malden: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smolinski, F. (Ed.). (1985). Landmarks of American language and linguistics. Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spolsky, B. (1979). Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage, and other useful fads. The Modern Language Journal, 63(5 & 6), 250–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarone, E. (1981). Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategy. TESOL Quarterly, 15(3), 285–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. (1977). Psychology for the classroom. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Els, T., Bongaerts T., Extra G., Van Os C., & Janssen-van Dieten A. (1984). Applied linguistics and the learning and teaching of foreign languages. (R. R. van Oirsouw, Trans.). London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, B. (1984). ‘Classroom language’: A neglected area in foreign language teaching and testing. In T. Culhane, C. Klein-Braley, & D. K. Stevenson (Eds.), Practice and problems in language testing (University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics, Occasional Paper 29, pp. 177–193). Colchester: University of Essex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakeman, A. (1967). English fast. Frogmore: Hart-Davis Educational.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weideman, A. (1982). Oor metode en metodologie. Interim, 3, 3–10. (Occasional publication of the Interdisciplinary Research Unit, University of the Free State). Bloemfontein: UOFS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weideman, A. (1985). Making certain: A course for advanced learners of English. Bloemfontein: Patmos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesche, M. B. (1979). Learning behaviours of successful adult students on intensive language training. Canadian Modern Language Review, 35(3), 415–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J., & Lightbown, P. M. (1984). Asking and answering in ESL classes. Canadian Modern Language Review, 40(2), 228–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, D. A. (1975). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weideman, A. (2017). The Scientific Status of Applied Linguistics. In: Responsible Design in Applied Linguistics: Theory and Practice. Educational Linguistics, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41731-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41731-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41729-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41731-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics