Abstract
How ‘scientific’ is applied linguistics? Progressivist and modernist expectations are present in it from the start. Yet in this case scientific analysis presupposes a separate, preparatory phase for the planning of the intervention: theoretical analysis is utilized, but is encapsulated in, and subservient to the plan and its technical design. To make theory prescriptive or absolute is a perversion, and a recipe for eventual disappointment, as its disciplinary history shows. That provides more evidence that applied linguistics is a separate, independent discipline. Its conceptualisations spring from a different modality than the analytical.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alexander, L. G. (1967). First things first: An integrated course for beginners. London: Longman.
Allwright, R. (1980). Turns, topics and tasks: Patterns of participation in language learning and teaching. In D. Larsen-Freeman (Ed.), Discourse analysis in second language research (pp. 165–187). Rowley: Newbury House.
Becker, A. L. (1984). Towards a post-structuralist view of language learning: A short essay. Language Learning, 33(5), 217–220.
Bloomfield, L. (1945). About foreign language teaching. Reprinted from The Yale Review, 34(4), (pp. 625–641). In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 40–48). Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.
Brumfit, C. (1980). Being interdisciplinary – Some problems facing applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 158–164.
Burt, M., & Dulay, H. (1981). Optimal language learning environments. In J. E. Alatis, H. B. Altman, & P. M. Alatis (Eds.), The second language classroom: Directions for the 1980’s (pp. 175–192). New York: Oxford University Press.
Carroll, J. B. (1960). Wanted: A research basis for educational policy on foreign language teaching. Reprinted from Harvard educational review, 30(2), 128–140. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 159–167). Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.
Carroll, J. B. (1965). The contributions of psychological theory and educational research to the teaching of foreign languages. Reprinted from The Modern Language Journal, 49, 273–281. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 203–211). Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.
Carstens, A. (2009). The effectiveness of genre-based approaches in teaching academic writing: Subject-specific versus cross-disciplinary approaches. Ph.D thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Chick, K., & Seneque, M. (1986). The role of the applied linguist in language planning: The medium of instruction problem in Kwazulu/Natal. Working paper no. 5, SAALA 5th Annual Conference. Cape Town: Language Education Unit, University of Cape Town.
Chomsky, N. (1966). Linguistic theory. Reprinted from R. Mead (Ed.) 1966, Language teaching: Broader contexts. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 262–266). Washington: United States Information Agency.
Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Clement, R., Gardner, R. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1977). Motivational variables in second language acquisition: A study of francophones learning English. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 9(2), 123–133.
Cole, P. (1970). An adaptation of group dynamics techniques to foreign language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 4(4), 353–360.
Cook, V. J. (1978). Second-language learning: A psycholinguistic perspective. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstracts, 11, 73–89.
Cook, V. J. (1980). English for life 1: People and places (Students’ Book and Teachers’ Guide). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Cook, V. J. (1981a). Some uses for second-language-learning research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 379, 251–258.
Cook, V. J. (1981b). Second language acquisition from an interactionist viewpoint. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 6(1), 93–111.
Cook, V. J. (1982). Language functions, social factors, and second language learning and teaching. [Manuscript].
Cook, V. J. (1985). Chomsky’s universal grammar and second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 2–18.
Corder, S. P. (1972). Problems and solutions in applied linguistics. In J. Qvistgaard, H. Schwarz & H. Spang-Hanssen (Eds.), Applied linguistics: Problems and solutions (pp. 1–23). Vol. III of the Proceedings of the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée Third Congress, Copenhagen. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.
Corder, S. P. (1978). Pure and applied research in linguistics: Is the difference merely one of motivation? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1(2), 77–90.
Crystal, D. (1981). Directions in applied linguistics. London: Academic Press.
Davies, A. (2013). Native speakers and native users: Loss and gain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, J. H. (1969). Group performance. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
De Graaff, A. H., & Olthuis, J. (Eds.). (1973). Joy in learning: An integrated curriculum for the elementary school. Toronto: Curriculum Development Centre.
Dicker, S. (1985). Bridging the gap in applied linguistics. TESOL Applied Linguistics Interest Section Newsletter, 6(1), 15–16.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). New themes and approaches in second language motivation research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 43–61.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). Affect in lifelong learning: Exploring L2 motivation as a dynamic process. In D. Nunan (Ed.), Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (pp. 22–41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2010). The relationship between language aptitude and language learning motivation: Individual differences from a dynamic systems perspective. In E. Macaro (Ed.), Continuum companion to second language acquisition (pp. 247–267). London: Continuum.
Dörnyei, Z. (2011). Researching complex dynamic systems: ‘Retrodictive qualitative modelling’ in the language classroom. Language Teaching, 1–12. [Online]. Available doi: 10.1017/S0261444811000516.
Dörnyei, Z., & Csizer, K. (1998). Ten commandants for motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research, 2(3), 203–229.
Dörnyei, Z., & Kormos, J. (2000). The role of individual and social variables in oral task performance. Language Teaching Research, 4(3), 275–300. [Online]. Available doi: 10.1177/136216880000400305 at http://ltr.sagepub.com.content/4/3/275. Accessed 13 June 2011.
Dulay, H., Burt, M., & Krashen, S. (1982). Language two. New York: Oxford University Press.
Economist, The. (2013, October 19). Unreliable research: Trouble at the lab. Available: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21588057-scientists-think-science-self-correcting-alarming-degree-it-not-trouble. Accessed 26 Nov 2013.
Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. (1980). Processes and strategies in foreign language learning and communication. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 5(1), 47–118.
Fanselow, J. F. (1977). Beyond RASHOMON – Conceptualizing and describing the teaching act. TESOL Quarterly, 11(1), 17–39.
Farhady, H. (1979). The disjunctive fallacy between discrete point and integrative tests. TESOL Quarterly, 13(3), 347–357.
Foster, P. (1998). A classroom perspective on the negotiation of meaning. Applied Linguistics, 19(1), 1–23.
Frautschi, R. L. (1984). Some Aquarian objectives in applied language study. In J. Joseph (Ed.), Applied language study: New objectives, new methods (pp. 101–113). New York: University Press of America.
Fries, C. C. (1945). On learning a foreign language as an adult. Reprinted in F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics 51–59. Washington: United States Information Agency.
Gingras, R. C. (Ed.). (1978). Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Glaser, R. (1976). Components of a psychology of instruction: toward a science of design. Review of Educational Research, 46(1), 1–24.
Green, A. (2014). Exploring language assessment and testing: Language in action. London: Routledge.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Hammerness, K., Darling-Hammond, L., Bransford, J., Berliner, D., Cochran-Smith, M., McDonald, M., & Zeichner, K. (2005). How teachers learn and develop. In L. Darling-Hammond & J. Bransford (Eds.), Preparing teachers for a changing world: What teachers should learn and be able to do (pp. 358–441). San Franciso: Jossey-Bass.
Hart, H. (1984). Understanding our world: An integral ontology. Lanham: University Press of America.
Hatch, E. (1978). Discourse analysis, speech acts, and second language acquisition. In W. C. Ritchie (Ed.), Second language acquisition research: Issues and implications (pp. 137–155). New York: Academic Press.
Hosenfeld, C. (1974). Cora’s view of learning grammar. Canadian Modern Language Review, 35(4), 602–607.
Hosenfeld, C. (1976). Learning about learning: Discovering our students’ strategies. Foreign Language Annals, 9(2), 117–129.
Hult, F. M. (2010a). Theme-based research in the transdisciplinary field of applied linguistics. In F. M. Hult (Ed.), Directions and prospects for educational linguistics (pp. 19–32). Dordrecht: Springer.
Hult, F. M. (Ed.). (2010b). Directions and prospects for educational linguistics. Dordrecht: Springer.
Ingram, E. (1975). Psychology and language learning. In J. P. B. Allen & S. P. Corder (Eds.), The Edinburgh course in applied linguistics: Vol. 2. Papers in applied linguistics (pp. 218–290). London: Oxford University Press.
Ingram, E. (1978). Applied linguistics, linguistic research and the empirical model. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1(2), 37–53.
Joseph, J. (Ed.). (1984). Applied language study: New objectives, new methods. New York: University Press of America.
Krashen, S. (1978). The monitor model for second language acquisition. In R. C. Gingras (Ed.), Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 1–26). Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Krashen, S. (1979). A response to McLaughlin, “The monitor model: some methodological considerations”. Language Learning, 29(1), 151–167.
Krashen, S. (1980). Relating theory and practice in adult second language acquisition. Offprint from S. Felix (Ed.), Recent trends in research on second language acquisition (pp. 185–204). Tubingen.
Lado, R. (1957). The necessity for a systematic comparison of languages and cultures. Reprinted from F. Smolinski (Ed.), Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language teachers. In Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 79–84). Washington: United States Information Agency.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (Ed.). (1980). Discourse analysis in second language research. Rowley: Newbury House.
Lightbown, P. M. (1985). Great expectations: Second-language acquisition research and classroom teaching. Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 173–189.
Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2006). How languages are learned (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Long, M. (1975). Group work and communicative competence in the ESOL classroom. In M. K. Burt & H. C. Dulay (Eds.), On TESOL ’75: New directions in language learning, teaching and bilingual education (pp. 211–223). Washington, DC: TESOL.
Mackey, W. F. (1973). Applied linguistics. In J. P. B. Allen & S. P. Corder (Eds.), The Edinburgh course in applied linguistics: Vol. 1. Readings for applied linguistics (pp. 247–255). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McDonough, S. H. (1977). The role of psychology in applied linguistics. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 68–82.
McDonough, S. H. (1981). Psychology in foreign language teaching. London: Allen and Unwin.
McLaughlin, B. (1978). The monitor model: Some methodological considerations. Language Learning, 28(2), 309–332.
McLaughlin, B. (1980). Theory and research in second language learning: An emerging paradigm. Language Learning, 30(2), 331–350.
McQuown, N. A. (1982). Language, culture and education. California: Stanford University Press.
Morrow, K. (1979). Communicative language testing: Revolution or evolution? In C. J. Brumfit & K. Johnson (Eds.), The communicative approach to language teaching (pp. 143–157). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moulton, W. G. (1962). Linguistics and language teaching in the United States 1940–1960. Reprinted from Trends in European and American linguistics, 82–109. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 170–187). Washington: United States Information Agency.
Oller, J. W. (1973). Discrete-point tests versus tests of integrative skills. In J. W. Oller & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Focus on the learner: Pragmatic perspectives for the language teacher (pp. 184–199). Rowley: Newbury House.
Oller, J. W., & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973). Focus on the learner: Pragmatic perspectives for the language teacher. Rowley: Newbury House.
Olthuis, J. (1979). Teaching with ‘Joy’: Implementing integrated education in the classroom. Toronto: Joy in Learning Curriculum Development Centre.
Ostyn, P., & Godin, P. (1985). RALEX: an alternative approach to language teaching. The Modern Language Journal, 69(4), 346–355.
Paltridge, B. (2014). What motivates Applied Linguistics research?. AILA Review, 27, 98–104. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.27.05pal.
Prator, C. (1965). Development of a manipulation-communication scale. Reprinted from NAFSA studies and papers. English language series 10: 385–391. In F. Smolinski (Ed.), Landmarks of American language and linguistics (pp. 248–252). Washington: United States Information Agency.
Qvistgaard, J., Schwarz, H. & Spang-Hanssen, H. (Eds.). (1972). Applied linguistics: Problems and solutions: Proceedings of the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée, Third Congress, Copenhagen (Vol. III). Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.
Ritchie, W. C. (Ed.). (1978). Second language acquisition research: Issues and implications. New York: Academic.
Ritchie, W. F. (1985). Is there a separate discipline of ‘applied linguistics’? TESOL applied linguistics interest section newsletter, 6(1), 10–14.
Robins, R. H. (1967). A short history of linguistics. London: Longman.
Rogers, J. (Ed.). (1978). Group activities for language learning (Occasional Papers No. 4). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
Rosen, H. (1982). Sociolinguistics and the teaching of the mother tongue. Gramma, 6, 49–61.
Rowlands, D. (Ed.). (1972). Group-work in modern languages. York: Materials Development Unit of the Language Teaching Centre, University of York.
Schumann, J. H. (1978). The acculturation model for second-language acquisition. In R. C. Gingras (Ed.), Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 27–50). Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Schumann, J. H. (1984). Art and science in second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 33(5), 49–75.
Schuurman, E. (1972). Techniek en toekomst: Confrontatie met wijsgerige beschouwingen. Assen: Van Gorcum.
Seerveld, C. (1974). A turnabout in aesthetics to understanding. Toronto: Wedge Publishing Foundation.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 209–231.
Skehan, P. (2008). Interlanguage and language transfer. In B. Spolsky & F. M. Hult (Eds.), The handbook of educational linguistics (pp. 411–423). Malden: Blackwell.
Smolinski, F. (Ed.). (1985). Landmarks of American language and linguistics. Washington, DC: United States Information Agency.
Spolsky, B. (1979). Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage, and other useful fads. The Modern Language Journal, 63(5 & 6), 250–257.
Tarone, E. (1981). Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategy. TESOL Quarterly, 15(3), 285–295.
Turner, J. (1977). Psychology for the classroom. London: Methuen.
Van Els, T., Bongaerts T., Extra G., Van Os C., & Janssen-van Dieten A. (1984). Applied linguistics and the learning and teaching of foreign languages. (R. R. van Oirsouw, Trans.). London: Edward Arnold.
Voss, B. (1984). ‘Classroom language’: A neglected area in foreign language teaching and testing. In T. Culhane, C. Klein-Braley, & D. K. Stevenson (Eds.), Practice and problems in language testing (University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics, Occasional Paper 29, pp. 177–193). Colchester: University of Essex.
Wakeman, A. (1967). English fast. Frogmore: Hart-Davis Educational.
Weideman, A. (1982). Oor metode en metodologie. Interim, 3, 3–10. (Occasional publication of the Interdisciplinary Research Unit, University of the Free State). Bloemfontein: UOFS.
Weideman, A. (1985). Making certain: A course for advanced learners of English. Bloemfontein: Patmos.
Wesche, M. B. (1979). Learning behaviours of successful adult students on intensive language training. Canadian Modern Language Review, 35(3), 415–430.
White, J., & Lightbown, P. M. (1984). Asking and answering in ESL classes. Canadian Modern Language Review, 40(2), 228–244.
Wilkins, D. A. (1975). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Weideman, A. (2017). The Scientific Status of Applied Linguistics. In: Responsible Design in Applied Linguistics: Theory and Practice. Educational Linguistics, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41731-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41731-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41729-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41731-8
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)