Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Isotopic Map of the Inn-Eisack-Adige-Brenner Passage and its Application to Prehistoric Human Cremations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Across the Alps in Prehistory

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the results achieved in an attempt to contribute to bioarchaeological research aiming at the reconstruction of migration and culture transfer in a region of eminent archaeological importance in Europe, namely, the Inn-Eisack-Adige passage via the Brenner Pass in the European Alps. 219 archaeological animal bone samples of three residential species (Bos taurus, Sus scrofa, Cervus elaphus) from 30 archaeological sites covering the transalpine passage have been analysed in terms of δ18Ophosphate, 87Sr/86Sr, 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/207Pb and 206Pb/207Pb, thus generating a multi-isotope fingerprint. All measurement data and the laboratory processing methods are reported in detail. The isotopic map based on the spatial distribution of isotopic signatures in the bone finds is augmented by modern reference samples (water, soil, vegetation) to verify whether the choice of animal skeletal samples was appropriate and to perform a pilot study leading to a predictive model for 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios in local bioarchaeological specimens. Univariate statistics for each single isotopic signature and the related maps with the respective spatial distribution are presented.

This isotopic map is a prerequisite for the quantification of human population movement in the reference region and for defining direction of migration. Information based on single isotopic ratios that is necessary for understanding whether migration took place in a north-to-south direction or vice versa is limited. In addition, cremating the dead was the major if not exclusive burial rite during several periods in European history. Since stable isotopic ratios of light elements such as oxygen are thermally less stable than the isotopic ratios of the heavy elements strontium and lead, migration research based on isotope analysis of fully cremated finds is restricted to the latter. In a pilot study, 184 human cremations from the Urnfield period and the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture recovered in the reference area were analysed for strontium and lead isotopic ratios, and the spatial distribution for each ratio was also mapped. Subsequent GMM clustering (see chapter “The Isotopic Fingerprint: New Methods of Data Mining and Similarity Search”) resulted in a clear definition of micro-regions to the north and south of the Alps.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggarwal PK, Araguás-Araguás LJ, Groening M, Kulkarni KM, Kurttas T, Newman BD, Vitvar T (2010) Global hydrological isotope data and data networks. In: West JB, Bowen GJ, Dawson TE, Tu KP (eds) Isoscapes. Understanding movement, pattern, and process on Earth through isotope mapping. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 33–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake RE, O’Neil JR, Garcia GA (1997) Oxygen isotope systematics of biologically mediated reactions of phosphate. I. Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4411–4422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake RE, O’Neil JR, Garcia GA (1998) Effects of microbial activity on the δ18O of dissolved inorganic phosphate and textural features of synthetic apatites. Am Mineral 83:1516–1531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boni M, Di Maio G, Frei R, Villa IM (2000) Lead isotopic evidence for a mixed provenance of Roman water pipes from Pompeii. Archaeometry 42:201–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bösl C, Grupe G, Peters J (2006) A Late Neolithic vertebrate food web based on stable isotope analyses. Int J Osteoarchaeol 16:296–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray PJ, Pollard AM (2012) A new interpretative approach to the chemistry of copper-alloy objects: source, recycling and technology. Antiquity 86:853–867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant JD, Koch PL, Froelich PN, Showers WJ, Genna BJ (1996) Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:5143–5148

    Google Scholar 

  • Chenery CA, Pashley V, Lamb AL, Sloane HJ, Evans JA (2012) The oxygen isotope relationship between the phosphate and structural carbonate fractions of human bioapatite. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:309–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley BE, Miller JH, Bataille CP (2015) Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) in terrestrial ecological and palaeoecological research: empirical efforts and recent advances in continental-scale models. Biol Rev. doi:10.1111/brv.12217

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Angela D, Longinelli A (1990) Oxygen isotopes in living mammal’s bone phosphate: further results. Chem Geol: Isotope Geosci Sec 86:75–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Drouet T, Herbauts J, Gruber W, Demaiffe D (2005) Strontium isotope composition as a tracer of calcium sources in two forest ecosystems in Belgium. Geoderma 126:203–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer J, Schneider JW, Voigt S, Joachimski MM, Tichomirowa M, Tütken T, Götze J, Berner U (2013) Oxygen and strontium isotopes from fossil shark teeth: environmental and ecological implication for Late Palaeozoic European basins. Chem Geol 342:44–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frei KM, Frei R (2011) The geographic distribution of strontium isotopes in Danish surface waters—a base for provenance studies in archaeology, hydrology and agriculture. Appl Geochem 26:326–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fricke HC, Clyde WC, O’Neil JR (1998) Intra-tooth variations in δ18O (PO4) of mammalian tooth enamel as a record of seasonal variations in continental climate variables. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1839–1850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudinski JB, Dawson TE, Quideau S, Schuur E, Roden JS, Trumbore SE, Sandquist DR, Oh S-W, Wasylishen RE (2005) Comparative analysis of cellulose preparation techniques for use with 13C, 14C, and 18O isotopic measurements. Anal Chem 77:7212–7224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Göhring AB (2014) Sauerstoff-Isotopiekartierung einer Alpenpassage anhand rezenter botanischer Proben. MSc Thesis, LMU München

    Google Scholar 

  • Göhring AB, Toncala A, Mayr C, Söllner F, Grupe G (2015) Stable oxygen isotope mapping of the transalpine Inn-Eisack-Etsch passage based on modern α-cellulose and water. Documenta Archaeobiologiae 12:53–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosskopf B (2004) Leichenbrand. Biologisches und kulturhistorisches Quellenmaterial zur Rekonstruktion vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Populationen und ihrer Funeralpraktiken. PhD Thesis, Universität Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Grupe G (1991) Anthropogene Schwermetallkonzentration in menschlichen Skelettfunden als Monitor früher Umweltbelastungen. USW-Z Umweltchem Ökotox 3:226–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grupe G, Herrmann B (1983) Über das Schrumpfungsverhalten experimentell verbrannter spongiöser Knochen am Beispiel des Caput femoris. Z Morph Anthrop 74:121–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grupe G, Price TD, Schröter P, Söllner F, Johnson CM, Beard BL (1997) Mobility of Bell Beaker people revealed by strontium isotope ratios of tooth and bone: a study of southern Bavarian skeletal remains. Appl Geochem 12:517–525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grupe G, Harbeck M, McGlynn GC (2015) Prähistorische Anthropologie. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen E, Skårup S, Christensen K, Schmidt A, Hjelmar O, Hauschild M (2004) Life cycle assessment of landfilled waste. Environmental projects 971. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbeck M, Schleuder R, Schneider J, Wiechmann I, Schmahl WW, Grupe G (2011) Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains. Forensic Sci Inter 204:191–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henningsen D, Katzung G (1998) Einführung in die Geologie Deutschlands, 5th edn. Enke, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann B, Grupe G, Hummel S, Piepenbrink H, Schutkowski H (1990) Prähistorische Anthropologie. Leitfaden der Feld- und Labormethoden. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hillson S (1996) Dental Anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Höppner B, Bartelheim M, Huisjmas M, Krauss R, Martinek KP, Pernicka E, Schwarz R (2005) Prehistoric copper production in the Inn Valley (Austria), and the earlierst copper in Central Europe. Archaeometry 47:293–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hüls CM, Erlenkeuser H, Nadeau MJ, Grootes PM, Andersen N (2010) Experimental study on the origin of cremated bone apatite carbon. Radiocarbon 52:587–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humer G, Rank D, Stichler W (1995) Niederschlagsisotopennetzwerk Österreich. Monographien des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Band 52. Wien

    Google Scholar 

  • Iacumin P, Bocherens H, Mariotti A, Longinelli A (1996) Oxygen analyses of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate? Earth Planet Sci Lett 142:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayme G (1942) Preparation of cellulose with sodium chlorite. Cellulosechemie: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Chemie und Physik der Cellulose sowie der ihr verwandten Stoffe 20:43–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamenov GD, Gulson BL (2014) The Pb isotopic record of historical to modern human lead exposure. Sci Total Environ 490:861–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kern Z, Kohán B, Leuenberger M (2014) Precipitation isoscape of high reliefs: interpolation scheme designed and tested for monthly resolved precipitation oxygen isotope records of an Alpine domain. Atmos Chem Phys 14:1897–1907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köppel V, Schroll E (1985) Herkunft des Pb der triassischen Pb-Zn-Vererzungen in den Ost- und Südalpen, Resultate bleiisotopengeochemischer Untersuchungen. Arch Lagerstättenforsch. Geol Bundesanstalt 6:215–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Köppel V, Schroll E (1988) Pb-isotope evidence for the origin of lead in strata-bound Pb-Zn deposits in Triassic carbonates of the Eastern and Southern Alps. Mineral Deposita 23:96–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovach A (1968) Blei-Isotopen-Verhältnisse im Raum der alpin-mediterranen Metallogenese. Geolog Rundschau 57:371–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunter M (1989) Leichenbranduntersuchungen in Wederath. In: Haffner A (ed) Gräber-Spiegel des Lebens: zum Totenbrauchtum der Kelten und Römer am Beispiel des Treverer-Gräberfel des Wederath-Belginum. von Zabern, Mainz, pp. 415–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Thorp J (2002) Two decades of progress towards understanding fossilization processes and isotopic signals in calcified tissue material. Archaeometry 44:435–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lihl CM (2014) Relation zwischen stabilen Sauerstoffisotopen im Phosphat und im strukturellen Karbonat von Tierknochen verschiedener Taxa. MSc Thesis, LMU München

    Google Scholar 

  • Longinelli A (1984) Oxygen isotopes in mammal bone phosphate: a new tool for paleohydrological and paleoclimatological research? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:385–390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longinelli A, Selmo E (2003) Isotopic composition of precipitation in Italy: a first overall map. J Hydrol 270:75–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luz B, Kolodny Y (1989) Oxygen isotope variation in bone phosphate. Appl Geochem 4:317–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JD, Brooks JR, Lajtha K (2007) Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants In: Michener R, Lajtha K (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell, Malden, pp 22–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr C (2002) Möglichkeiten der Klimarekonstruktion im Holozän mit δ13C- und δ2H-Werten von Baumjahresringen auf der Basis von Klimakammerversuchen und Rezentstudien. GSF-Bericht 14/02, Neuherberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr C, Lücke A, Stichler W, Trimborn P, Ercolano B, Oliva G, Schleser GH, Soto J, Ohlendorf C, Haberzettl T, Schäbitz F, Zolitschka B, Fey M, Janssen S, Wille M (2007) Precipitation orgin and evaporation of lakes in semi-arid Patagonia (Argentina) inferred from stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H). J Hydrol 335:53–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr C, Grupe G, Lihl C, Toncala A (2016) Linking oxygen isotopes of animal-bone phosphate with altimetry—results from archaeological finds from a transect in the Alps. In: Grupe G, McGlynn GC (eds) Isotopic landscapes in bioarchaeology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 157–172

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinley J (2016) Complexities of the ancient mortuary rite of cremation: an osteoarchaeological conundrum. In: Grupe G, McGlynn GC (eds) Isotopic landscapes in bioarchaeology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 17–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Moebus G (1997) Geologie der Alpen. von Loga, Köln

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordberg GF, Mahaffey KR, Fowler BA (1991) Introduction and summary. International workshop on bone: implications for dosimetry and toxicology. Environ Health Perspect 91:3–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen J, Heinemeier J, Bennike P, Krause C, Hornstrup KM, Thrane H (2008) Characterization and blind testing of radiocarbon dating of cremated bone. J Archaeol Sci 35:791–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otto L (2015) Anthropologische Bearbeitung des urnenfelderzeitlichen Gräberfeldes Kleinaitingen. MSc-Thesis, LMU München

    Google Scholar 

  • Park G (2014) Die Geologie Europas. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini M, Lee-Thorp JA, Donahue RE (2011) Exploring the variation of the δ18Op and δ18Oc relationship in enamel increments. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 310:71–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pemmer B, Roschger A, Wastl A, Hofstaetter JG, Wobrauschek P, Simon R, Thaler HW, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Streli C (2013) Spatial distribution of the trace elements zinc, strontium and lead in human bone tissue. Bone 57:184–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pin C, Joannon S, Bosq C, Fevre BL, Gauthier PJ (2003) Precise determination of Rb, Sr, Ba, and Pb in geological materials by isotope dilution and ICP-quadrupole mass spectrometry following selective separation of the analytes. J Anal Spectrom 18:135–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podlesak DW, Torregrossa AM, Ehleringer JR, Dearing MD, Passey BH, Cerling TE (2008) Turnover of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the body water, CO2, hair and enamel of a small mammals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72:19–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price TD, Burton JH, Bentley RA (2002) The characterization of biologically available strontium isotope ratios for the study of prehistoric migration. Archaeometry 44:117–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quatrehomme G, Bolla M, Muller M, Rocca JP, Grevin G, Bailet P, Ollier A (1998) Technical note - Experimental single controlled study of burned bones: contribution of scanning electron microscopy. J Forensic Sci 43:417–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann C, Flem B, Fabian K, Birke M, Ladenberger A, Négrel P, Demetriades A, Hoogewerff J, The GEMAS Project Team (2012) Lead and lead isotopes in agricultural soils of Europe—the continental perspective. Appl Geochem 27:532–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroll E (1990) Die Metallprovinz der Ostalpen im Lichte der Geochemie. Geol Rundsch 79:479–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroll E, Köppel V, Cerny I (2006) Pb and Sr isotope and geochemical data from the Pb-Zn deposit Bleiberg (Austria): constraints on the age of mineralization. Mineral Petrol 86:129–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schurr MR, Hayes RG, Cook DC (2008) Thermally induced changes in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of charred bones. In: Schmidt CW, Symes SA (eds) The analysis of burned human remains. Academic Press, London, pp. 95–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipman P, Forster G, Schoeninger M (1984) Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of colour, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage. J Archaeol Sci 11:307–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sievers S (2003) Manching—Die Keltenstadt. Theiss, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivan SS, Wachtel E, Tsitron E, Sakkee N, van der Ham F, DeGroot J, Roberts S, Maroudas A (2008) Collagen turnover in normal and degenerate human intervertebral discs as determined by racemization of aspartic acid. J Biol Chem 283:8796–8801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snoeck C, Lee-Thorp JA, Schulting R, Debouge W, de Jong J, Mattielli N (2015) Calcined bone provides a reliable substrate for strontium isotope ratios as shown by an enrichment experiment. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 29:107–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söllner F, Toncala A, Hölzl S, Grupe G (2016) Determination of geo-dependent bio-available 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios for archaeological sites from the Inn Valley (Austria)—a model calculation. In: Grupe G, McGlynn GC, (eds) Isotopic landscapes in bioarchaeology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 123–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Song XIN, Clark KS, Helliker BR (2014) Interpreting species-specific variation in tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios among three temperate forest trees. Plant Cell Environ 37:2169–2182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen ML, Rebay KC (2007) Changing social practices of death in later European history. Studien zur Kulturgeschichte von Oberösterreich 19:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Stabler TV, Byers SS, Zura RD, Kraus VB (2009) Amino acid racemization reveals differential protein turnover in osteoarthritic articular and meniscal cartilage. Arthritis Res Therapy 11:R34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson M (2006) Representing data distributions with kernel density estimates. Royal Society of Chemistry, Analytical Methods Committee, AMCTB No. 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Tütken T, Vennemann TW, Pfretzschner H-U (2004) Analyse stabiler und radiogener Isotope in archäologischem Skelettmaterial: Herkunftsbestimmung des karolingischen Maultiers von Frankenthal und Vergleich mit spätpleistozänen Großsäugerknochen aus den Rheinablagerungen. Prähist Z 79:89–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2010) Final review of scientific information on lead. United Nations Environment Progamme, Chemicals Branch, DTIE

    Google Scholar 

  • Veizer J (1989) Strontium isotopes in seawater through time. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 17:141–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vennemann TW, Fricke HC, Blake RE, O’Neil JR, Colman A (2002) Oxygen isotope analysis of phosphates: a comparison of techniques for analysis of Ag3PO4. Chem Geol 185:321–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villa I (2016) Provenancing bronze: Exclusion, inclusion, uniqueness, and Occam ‘s Razor. In: Grupe G, McGlynn GC, (eds) Isotopic landscapes in bioarchaeology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 141–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Voerkelius S, Lorenz GD, Rummel S, Quétel CR, Heiss G, Baxter M, Brach-Papa C, Deters-Itzelberger P, Hölzl S, Hoogewerff J, Ponzevera E, VanBocxstaele M, Ueckermann H (2010) Strontium isotopic signatures of natural mineral waters, the reference to a simple geological map and its potential for authentification of food. Food Chem 118:993–940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohberger M (2011) Lokal oder eingewandert? Interpretationsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen lokaler Strontium- und Sauerstoffisotopensignaturen am Beispiel einer Altgrabung in Wenigumstadt. PhD Thesis, Universität München

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl J (1981) Beobachtungen zur Verbrennung menschlicher Leichname. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 11:271–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker PJ, Miller KP, Richman R (2008) Time, temperature, and oxygen availability: an experimental study of the effects of environmental conditions on the color and organic content of cremated bone. In: Schmidt CW, Symes SA, (eds) The analysis of burned human remains. Academic Press, London, pp. 129–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters C, Eyre DR (1983) Collagen crosslinks in human dentin: Increasing content of hydroxypyridinium residues with age. Calcif Tissue Int 35:401–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmers LE, Aufderheide AC, Pounds JG, Jones KW, Angel JL (2008) Problems in determination of skeletal lead burden in archaeological samples: an example from the first African Baptist Church population. Am J Phys Anthrop 136:379–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xin G, Hanson N (1994) Strontium isotope study of the Peconic river watershed, Long Island, New York. MSc thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook

    Google Scholar 

  • Zazzo A, Lécuyer C, Mariotti A (2004) Experimentally-controlled carbon and oxygen isotope exchange between biapatites and water under inorganic and microbially-mediated conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany

    Anita Toncala, Dominika Wycisk & Gisela Grupe

  2. Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

    Frank Söllner

  3. Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany

    Christoph Mayr

  4. GeoBio-Center & Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

    Christoph Mayr

  5. RieskraterMuseum Nördlingen, Nördlingen, Germany

    Stefan Hölzl & Karin Heck

Authors
  1. Anita Toncala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frank Söllner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christoph Mayr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stefan Hölzl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Karin Heck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dominika Wycisk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Gisela Grupe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anita Toncala .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. LMU München Biozentrum Martinsried, Martinsried, Bayern, Germany

    Gisela Grupe

  2. Staatssammlung f. Anthropologie und Paläoanatomie, München, Bayern, Germany

    Andrea Grigat

  3. LMU München Biozentrum Martinsried, Martinsried, Bayern, Germany

    George C. McGlynn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Toncala, A. et al. (2017). Isotopic Map of the Inn-Eisack-Adige-Brenner Passage and its Application to Prehistoric Human Cremations. In: Grupe, G., Grigat, A., McGlynn, G. (eds) Across the Alps in Prehistory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41550-5_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation