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Remediation of Areas Contaminated by Caesium: Basic Mechanisms Behind Remedial Options and Experience in Application

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Impact of Cesium on Plants and the Environment

Abstract

There are many areas around the world contaminated with radiocaesium to different extents due to global fallout from nuclear weapons testing, radiation accidents or inadequate waste disposal practices. In recent decades, a wide range of options for remediation of these areas have been developed, tested and implemented to mitigate the potential doses in such areas. A large amount of data on the effectiveness of remediation options has been generated, together with information on ancillary factors such as technical feasibility and side effects. The chapter aims to provide information on available options for remediation of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems contaminated with radiocaesium. An associated objective is to provide scientific information on the basic mechanisms which impact on effectiveness of the described remedial options.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Soil solution–plant concentration ratio, CRss, is the ratio of the radionuclide activity concentration in the plant (Bq kg−1 plant (dw)) to that in the soil solution (Bq L−1).

  2. 2.

    Distribution coefficient is the ratio of the mass activity density (Am, in Bq kg–1) of the specified solid phase (usually on a dry mass basis) to the volumetric activity density (Av, in Bq L–1) of the specified liquid phase.

  3. 3.

    Soil solution–plant concentration ratio, CRss, is the ratio of the radionuclide activity concentration in the plant (Bq kg−1 plant (dw)) to that in the soil solution (Bq L−1),

  4. 4.

    Concentration ratio, Fv, is the ratio of the radionuclide activity concentration in the plant (Bq kg–1 dw) to that in the soil (Bq kg–1 dw).

  5. 5.

    T ag (Cs) is the ratio of the Cs activity concentration in plant (Bq kg−1) divided by the total deposition on the soil (Bq m−2)

  6. 6.

    The term grassland is used here to refer to both cultivated and uncultivated land used as either pasture for grazing animals or for growing fodder. Pasture is used in the report when referring to land used for grazing animals. The term meadow is used in the report for case studies in the FSU and refers to uncultivated grassland used for grazing animals or to grow some fodder crops.

  7. 7.

    Travertine is a terrestrial sedimentary rock, formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from solution in ground and surface waters.

  8. 8.

    Marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and aragonite

  9. 9.

    A substance added to soil to improve the growing conditions for plant roots

  10. 10.

    Microfertilisers are fertilisers containing microelement, i.e. chemical elements which the plant requires in microquantities.

  11. 11.

    Microfertilisers are fertilisers containing microelement, i.e. chemical elements which the plant requires in micro quantities.

  12. 12.

    Notation of NxPyKz means mineral fertilizer application rate where x kg of active N per ha, y kg of active P per ha, z kg of active K per ha are applied.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria

    Sergey Fesenko

  2. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK

    Brenda J. Howard

  3. Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russia

    Natalya Sanzharova

  4. Analytical Chemistry Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Miquel Vidal

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  1. Sergey Fesenko
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  2. Brenda J. Howard
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  3. Natalya Sanzharova
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  4. Miquel Vidal
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Correspondence to Sergey Fesenko .

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  1. Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Dharmendra K. Gupta

  2. Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Clemens Walther

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Fesenko, S., Howard, B.J., Sanzharova, N., Vidal, M. (2017). Remediation of Areas Contaminated by Caesium: Basic Mechanisms Behind Remedial Options and Experience in Application. In: Gupta, D., Walther, C. (eds) Impact of Cesium on Plants and the Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41525-3_15

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