Skip to main content

What Is Hate?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Brand Hate
  • 975 Accesses

Abstract

Chapter 1 explains hate in light of the available psychology literature. It defines general human feelings of hate and gives examples of two important components: ‘threatened egotism’ and ‘perceived injustice’. The author focuses on threatened egotism and perceived injustice as the major root-causes of feelings of hate and anger. He uses Sternberg’s hate classification in order to define the various dimensions of hate, from low level to high level (or alternatively severe hate) in terms of Sternberg’s triangular hate model. After this chapter, readers should have a basic understanding of the concept of hate and its dimensions.

Without something to hate, we should lose the very spring of thought and action. Life would turn to a stagnant pool

On the Pleasure of Hating, Hazlitt (1826/1995), p. 190

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baumeister, F. R., & Butz, D. A. (2005). Roots of hate, violence, and evil. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 87–102). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, F. R., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggressions: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, T. A. (1999). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility, and violence. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, T. A., & Pretzer, J. (2005). A cognitive perspective on hate and violence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 67–85). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davitz, J. (1969). The language of emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitness, J. (2000). Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(2), 147–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitness, J., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1993). Love, hate, anger, and jealousy in close relationships: A prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 942–958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fossati, P., Hevenor, S., Graham, S., Grady, C., Keightley, M., Craik, F., & Mayberg, H. (2003). In search of the emotional self: An fMRI study using positive and negative emotional words. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1938–1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankfurt, H. G. (1971). Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. The Journal of Philosophy, 68(1), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1943). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1957). The taboo of virginity (Contribution to psychology of love III.). In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11, pp. 192–208). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1918).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabbard, Glen O. (1993). “On hate in love relationships: The narcissism of minor differences revisisted” Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 62(2), 229–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaylin, W. (2003). Hatred: The psychological descent into violence. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazlitt, A. W. (1995). On the pleasure of hating. In P. Lopate (Ed.), The art of the personal essay: An anthology from the classical ear to the present (pp. 189–198). New York: Anchor Books (Original work published 1826).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, T., Larsen, J., Smith, N., & Cacioppo, J. (1998). Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 887–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanouse, D. (1984). Explaining negativity biases in evaluation and choice behavior: Theory and research. Advances in Consumer Research, 11(1), 703–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanouse, D., & Hanson, L. (1972). Negativity in evaluations. In E. Jones, E. Kanouse, S. Valins, H. Kelley, E. Nisbett, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKellar, P. (1950). Provocation to anger and development of attitudes of hostility. British Journal of Psychology, 40, 104–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opotow, S. (2005). Hate, conflict, and moral exclusion. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 121–153). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R. (1977). The passions. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staub, E. (1990). Moral exclusion, personal goal theory, and extreme destructiveness. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 47–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, J. R. (2003). A duplex theory of hate: Development and application to terrorism, massacres, and genocide. Review of General Psychology, 7(3), 299–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, J. R. (2005). Understanding and combating hate. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 37–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, A. (1999). What’s so bad about hate, NY Times Magazine, September 26th, pp. 50–57, 88, 104, 112–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1978). Social Categorization, social identity and social comparison. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups (pp. 61–76). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., Flamont, C., Billig, M. Y., & Bundy, R. P. (1971). Societal categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H. (1993). Violent men: An inquiry into the psychology of violence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kucuk, S.U. (2016). What Is Hate?. In: Brand Hate. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41519-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics